agent-substrate/substrate

Agent Substrate

A secure-by-default runtime for running millions of agent sandboxes on Kubernetes.

Quickstart · Architecture · Roadmap · Contributing

Agent Substrate is a secure-by-default agent execution runtime engineered to run millions of sandboxes with 10x higher density than standard container runtimes. Purpose-built for the era of autonomous agents, Substrate delivers sub-500ms resume operations at over 500 suspend/resume activations per second with native zero-trust kernel and network isolation. It supports multiple sandbox technologies including microVMs and gVisor, enabling consistent lifecycle operations for all sandbox types.

At its core, Agent Substrate maps a larger set of “actors” (applications such as agents) onto a smaller set of ready “workers”, relying on the fact that agent-like applications tend to be idle most of the time to achieve heavy multiplexing. It provides functionality to manage an actor’s lifecycle (e.g. create/destroy, suspend/resume), to assign actors to workers in real time, and to route incoming traffic to them.

Agent Substrate is intended to be a low-opinion system. The workloads it manages don't have to be literal AI agents, but those are the best example of the kind of applications it is designed for. It is not an SDK for building agents, but rather a system for running them at scale.

Agent Substrate leverages Kubernetes for the infrastructure provisioning and worker lifecycle management (Kubernetes Pods). It builds on top of Kubernetes features like Pods and Pod autoscaling, while Agent Substrate provides agent-specific scheduling and control to achieve lower latency. Using Kubernetes as the underlying system enables consistent infrastructure management across all workloads types that are required for end to end agentic deployments and allows holistic infrastructure optimizations for RL scenarios that span agentic, inference and training cycles.

Watch the Agent Substrate cluster multiplex ~250 stateful actors across just 8 physical pods.

This demo highlights the core developer experience and "Agentic Infrastructure" capabilities of Substrate:

1. Actor Teleport: High-performance suspend and resume of actors onto any available worker in the pool with sub-second activation.
2. State Persistence: Persistent working memory (volatile RAM) and filesystem state preserved perfectly across hibernation cycles via full-state snapshots.
3. Agent Multiplexing: Demonstrates 30x+ oversubscription by "juggling" a large registry of stateful actors onto a small pool of shared physical pods.

To reproduce this demo in your own cluster, please refer to the detailed walkthrough in the Counter Demo.

For more videos and walkthroughs, visit our YouTube channel: agent-substrate.

Agent Substrate is designed to be framework and agent harness agnostic. Because it manages standard OCI containers at the kernel level (via gVisor), it can host agents built on any stack.

• Agent Development Kit (ADK): Support for ADK agents with session state preservation across invocations as actor state. Ideal for all types of agents and stateful tool or subagent calls.
• LangChain: Ideal execution environment for LangChain agents and tool calls.
• Claude Code, CodeX, and Antigravity: Support for high-density, stateful coding environments that preserve system state and filesystem state across sessions.
• Model Context Protocol (MCP): Support for deploying secure, sandboxed MCP servers as Substrate Actors to provide durable tools for any model.

• Agent Executor: A distributed agent runtime that demonstrates building a secure, hyper-scalable agent harness on Agent Substrate (see the announcement blog and integration guide).
• kagent: A CNCF Sandbox project and Kubernetes-native framework for building, deploying, and managing AI agents that uses Agent Substrate to run sandboxed, stateful agent workloads (see the announcement blog).

Agent Substrate is pre-1.0. We are not making any guarantees about backward compatibility at this stage, and APIs and behavior may still change significantly.

Currently we aim to support the latest stable release of Kubernetes, and the previous minor release.

For announcements, technical discussions, and community support, please join the ate-dev Google Group.

We host a weekly community meeting every Thursday from 10:00am - 11:00am PST.

• Video call link: https://meet.google.com/uhq-cxvn-dhy
• Or dial: (US) +1 253-289-6971 PIN: 787 664 574 59#
• More phone numbers: https://tel.meet/uhq-cxvn-dhy?pin=9044088223662
• Meeting notes for the weekly sync meeting
• Recordings and transcripts of all community meetings

We also have channels in the CNCF slack; request an invite here if you don't have access.

• #substrate-users to discuss using substrate.
• #substrate-dev to discuss developing substrate.

Please see CONTRIBUTING.md for guidelines on contributing to the project. We welcome contributions of all kinds, but the project is VERY young. Our immediate focus is on building out the core system and demos, so we may not be able to review or merge contributions that don't align with those goals in the near term.

To quickly set up the complete environment:

1. Make sure you have Go, kubectl, and docker installed and configured on your dev machine. We will automatically manage other dependencies via Go, including kind. A Linux host that will run more than about a thousand sandboxes also needs a larger kernel neighbor table (net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh1/2/3 = 4096/16384/32768); hack/create-kind-cluster.sh warns when the host is at the default of 1024.

2. Run the following steps:

# create cluster and local registry (IPv4; IP_FAMILY=dual|ipv6 overrides)
hack/create-kind-cluster.sh

# install ate, PostgreSQL, rustfs
hack/install-ate-kind.sh --deploy-ate-system --credential-provider='{"name":"k8s.io"}'

# install counter demo
hack/install-ate-kind.sh --deploy-demo-counter

# install kubectl-ate
go install ./cmd/kubectl-ate

# create a counter actor in the demo's atespace (--template names the
# actor template, resolved in the actor's atespace)
kubectl ate create actor my-counter-1 -a ate-demo-counter --template counter

# port-forward the network router to bind to local port `8000`
kubectl port-forward -n ate-system svc/atenet-router 8000:80

1. In a separate terminal, send an HTTP request to increment the counter:

curl -X POST \
   -H "ate-target-actor: ate-demo-counter/my-counter-1" \
   -i http://localhost:8000/

1. Create and configure your environment file:

   cp hack/ate-dev-env.sh.example .ate-dev-env.sh
   
   # Edit .ate-dev-env.sh to match your project and preferences, then source it:
   source .ate-dev-env.sh

2. Enable application-default credentials for gcloud:

   gcloud auth application-default login --project=${PROJECT_ID}

3. Provision the required GCP resources (GKE cluster, GCS, and IAM bindings):

   go run ./tools/setup-gcp bootstrap

   On a fresh project this step also creates the atelet Workload Identity IAM grants that snapshots depend on — see what create iam actually grants to audit them or apply them manually. If you bring your own cluster instead, note the required Kubernetes beta APIs can only be enabled at cluster creation — see the Create Cluster warning.

4. Deploy the Agent Substrate system to your cluster:

   ./hack/install-ate.sh --deploy-ate-system --credential-provider='{"name":"k8s.io"}'

   --credential-provider is required. {"name":"k8s.io"} also deploys the bundled Kubernetes Secrets provider, with a NetworkPolicy that admits only the egress gateway; {"enabled":false} turns egress credential injection off (see docs/egress-credential-injection.md). ATE_CREDENTIAL_PROVIDER in .ate-dev-env.sh is the same choice.

   Credential injection needs a namespace policy. The bundled provider starts with an empty, default-deny one, so it resolves no Secrets until you grant each atespace the namespaces it may read; see Enable it.

5. You can then deploy the sample applications. See demos/counter/README.md or demos/sandbox/README.md for detailed walkthroughs.

   ./hack/install-ate.sh --deploy-demo-counter

You can run individual setup steps to create GCP resources as needed. See go run ./tools/setup-gcp --help for available options. For example:

go run ./tools/setup-gcp create cluster
go run ./tools/setup-gcp create bucket

To run the PostgreSQL store backend on Cloud SQL — with IAM database authentication and no passwords — see tools/setup-gcp/cloud-sql.md.

Similarly, you can deploy or cleanup specific Agent Substrate components using the installation script. See ./hack/install-ate.sh --help for all options.

# Re-deploy only ate-apiserver of the ATE system
./hack/install-ate.sh --deploy-ate-apiserver

# Delete everything (core system and all demos)
./hack/install-ate.sh --delete-all

If you need to delete the resources created by the setup script, you can use the provided script hack/teardown.sh. This script will delete resources in the reverse order of creation and handles partial failures gracefully.

./hack/teardown.sh --all

Or run individual teardown steps as needed (see ./hack/teardown.sh for available options).

If you need to delete the local kind cluster and its registry (if it was created by hack/create-kind-cluster.sh):

./hack/delete-kind-cluster.sh

We provide several sample applications demonstrating Agent Substrate's capabilities:

1. Counter Demo: A stateful Go HTTP server demonstrating state preservation across suspends/resumes, and on-demand actor resumption and routing via the Substrate router.
2. Sandbox Demo (Antigravity): A secure, sandboxed execution environment (running Alpine Linux) that allows arbitrary shell execution while preserving filesystem state across sessions.
3. Claude Code Multiplex: Demonstrates oversubscribing physical hardware by multiplexing multiple Claude Code agents onto a limited pool of workers.
4. Multi-Template: Two ActorTemplates running different binaries share one WorkerPool, even though the templates live in different atespaces.
5. Request Parking: An oversubscribed pool where the router holds inbound requests until a worker frees up, instead of returning 503.
6. Autoscaled WorkerPool: Scales a WorkerPool on its assigned-worker count with an HPA fed by prometheus-adapter.

• Architecture: How the control plane, node supervisor, and networking stack fit together.
• API Configuration Guide: Detailed reference for configuring WorkerPools, ActorTemplates, Secrets, and Volumes.
• Full CLI Documentation: Installation and usage for kubectl-ate.
• Glossary: Core terms (Actor, Atespace, ActorTemplate, WorkerPool, Worker, ate-api-server, atenet, atelet, ateworker) and how they relate.
• Integration Repositories: Where integrations live, how their repositories are named, and how fixes flow back to core.
• Observability Guide: Guide to actor logging, metrics, and distributed tracing.
• Authentication Guide: Configure trusted JWT providers and human credentials.
• Egress Traffic: Which protocols an Actor may reach the outside world with and which are blocked.
• Enabling man-in-the-middle (MITM) interception for Actor Egress policy: Egress policies such as header injection depend on MITM interception of Actor traffic. This guide explains how an Actor should be configured to enable interception.
• Request Parking: How the router parks requests through transient worker-pool saturation.
• Upgrade Runbook: Upgrade a running install to a newer supported release, and roll back if needed.
• Security Guide: Security overview, security principles, and threat modeling.
• Roadmap: Current limitations and what is planned next.
• Benchmarking Guide: Locust-based load tests, monitoring stack, and the orchestrated benchmark harness.

• cmd/ateapi: The core control plane API server exposing gRPC endpoints to manage actor and worker lifecycles.
• cmd/atelet: A node-level DaemonSet that supervises physical worker pods, coordinates snapshotting, and manages state transfers.
• cmd/atecontroller: A Kubernetes controller that reconciles WorkerPool custom resources.
• cmd/atenet: A combined networking controller providing Envoy routing and proxy sidecars.
• cmd/ateworker-gvisor: An interior-pod helper running inside sandboxed worker pods to execute runsc checkpoint and restore commands.
• cmd/ateworker-microvm: The micro-VM peer of ateworker-gvisor, running actors as cloud-hypervisor VMs.
• cmd/podcertcontroller: A "polyfill" that provides Pod Certificate signers that will eventually ship in upstream Kubernetes (with different names).
• cmd/kubectl-ate: A CLI tool for managing Agent Substrate resources. See its README.
• cmd/benchmarking: Synthetic workloads used by the load tests, including glutton, which consumes RAM, disk, and file descriptors on demand.
• tools/setup-gcp: A provisioning utility to set up the necessary GCP infrastructure resources (GKE, GCS, IAM).
• demos/: Sample applications demonstrating Agent Substrate capabilities.