NirDiamant/RAG_Techniques

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I break these ideas down into short, one-idea-per-episode explainers on YouTube.

🆕 AI Is Rewarded for Guessing [Hallucination]
_{why a model guesses instead of saying I don't know, watched on its own token probabilities, and where retrieval moves the fact out of the guess}

RAG Explained: Why AI Gets Your Own Documents Wrong why chunks overlap, what "meaning space" is, and where simple RAG breaks down

How Do You Search a Spreadsheet by Meaning? turn each row into one labelled line and search the table by meaning

How Do You Know Your RAG Answer Isn't Made Up? three checkpoints that catch a bad chunk on the way in and an unsupported claim on the way out

Why Does RAG Return a Paragraph When You Asked for One Fact? why a paragraph's embedding is a blend that points at nothing in particular

  Browse every episode →

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is revolutionizing the way we combine information retrieval with generative AI. This repository showcases a curated collection of advanced techniques designed to supercharge your RAG systems, enabling them to deliver more accurate, contextually relevant, and comprehensive responses.

Our goal is to provide a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners looking to push the boundaries of what's possible with RAG. By fostering a collaborative environment, we aim to accelerate innovation in this exciting field.

🚀 Agents Towards Production - code-first tutorials for shipping production-grade GenAI agents, prototype to scale.

🤖 GenAI Agents - a broad collection of AI agent implementations and tutorials.

🖋️ Prompt Engineering Techniques - prompting strategies from basics to advanced.

🧠 Agent Memory Techniques - 30 notebooks on agent memory: vector stores, knowledge graphs, Mem0, MemGPT, Zep, Graphiti.

Contributions make this better - propose ideas, share techniques, or give feedback via CONTRIBUTING.md.

r/EducationalAI · Discord · LinkedIn

• 🧠 State-of-the-art RAG enhancements
• 📚 Comprehensive documentation for each technique
• 🛠️ Practical implementation guidelines
• 🌟 Regular updates with the latest advancements

Explore our extensive list of cutting-edge RAG techniques:

Recently added: MemoRAG (memory-augmented retrieval), End-to-End RAG Evaluation, Open-RAG-Eval, JSON RAG. 42 notebooks and growing.

#	Category	Technique	View
1	Foundational 🌱	Basic RAG
2	Foundational 🌱	RAG with CSV Files
3	Foundational 🌱	Reliable RAG
4	Foundational 🌱	Optimizing Chunk Sizes
5	Foundational 🌱	Proposition Chunking
6	Query Enhancement 🔍	Query Transformations
7	Query Enhancement 🔍	HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embedding)
8	Query Enhancement 🔍	HyPE (Hypothetical Prompt Embedding)
9	Context Enrichment 📚	Contextual Chunk Headers
10	Context Enrichment 📚	Relevant Segment Extraction
11	Context Enrichment 📚	Context Window Enhancement
12	Context Enrichment 📚	Semantic Chunking
13	Context Enrichment 📚	Contextual Compression
14	Context Enrichment 📚	Document Augmentation
15	Advanced Retrieval 🚀	Fusion Retrieval
16	Advanced Retrieval 🚀	Reranking
17	Advanced Retrieval 🚀	Multi-faceted Filtering
18	Advanced Retrieval 🚀	Hierarchical Indices
19	Advanced Retrieval 🚀	Dartboard Retrieval
20	Advanced Retrieval 🚀	Multi-modal RAG with Captioning
21	Iterative Techniques 🔁	Retrieval with Feedback Loop
22	Iterative Techniques 🔁	Adaptive Retrieval
23	Evaluation 📊	DeepEval
24	Evaluation 📊	GroUSE
25	Explainability 🔬	Explainable Retrieval
26	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	Graph RAG with LangChain
27	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	Microsoft GraphRAG
28	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	RAPTOR
29	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	Agentic RAG with Contextual AI
30	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	Self-RAG
31	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	Corrective RAG (CRAG)
32	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	Local Graph RAG with Verifiable Attribution
33	Advanced Architecture 🏗️	LightRAG
34	Evaluation 📊	End-to-End RAG Evaluation
35	Evaluation 📊	Open-RAG-Eval
36	Advanced 🔬	MemoRAG
37	Special Technique 🌟	Sophisticated Controllable Agent

1. Simple RAG 🌱

   • 🎬 Watch it explained: RAG Explained: Why AI Gets Your Own Documents Wrong — the intuition behind this notebook in 7 minutes: why chunks overlap, what "meaning space" actually is, and where simple RAG breaks down.
   • LangChain:
   • LlamaIndex:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Introducing basic RAG techniques ideal for newcomers.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Start with basic retrieval queries and integrate incremental learning mechanisms.

2. Simple RAG using a CSV file 🧩

   • 🎬 Watch it explained: How Do You Search a Spreadsheet by Meaning? — turn each row into one labelled line and search the table by meaning; ask which customers are "in South American countries" and the Chile record comes back even though those words never appear.
   • LangChain:
   • LlamaIndex:

   Overview 🔎

   Introducing basic RAG using CSV files.

   Implementation 🛠️

   This uses CSV files to create basic retrieval and integrates with openai to create question and answering system.

3. Reliable RAG 🏷️:

   • 🎬 Watch it explained: How Do You Know Your RAG Answer Isn't Made Up? — the three checkpoints that catch a bad chunk on the way in and an unsupported claim on the way out, plus the source highlighting that lets a skeptical reader verify the answer themselves.

   Overview 🔎

   Enhances the Simple RAG by adding validation and refinement to ensure the accuracy and relevance of retrieved information.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Check for retrieved document relevancy and highlight the segment of docs used for answering.

4. Choose Chunk Size 📏

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Selecting an appropriate fixed size for text chunks to balance context preservation and retrieval efficiency.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Experiment with different chunk sizes to find the optimal balance between preserving context and maintaining retrieval speed for your specific use case.

5. Proposition Chunking ⛓️‍💥:

   • 🎬 Watch it explained: Why Does RAG Return a Paragraph When You Asked for One Fact? — why a paragraph's embedding is a blend that points at nothing in particular, how a language model rewrites the chunk as single self-contained facts, and what the quality gate throws away.

   Overview 🔎

   Breaking down the text into concise, complete, meaningful sentences allowing for better control and handling of specific queries (especially extracting knowledge).

   Implementation 🛠️

   • 💪 Proposition Generation: The LLM is used in conjunction with a custom prompt to generate factual statements from the document chunks.
   • ✅ Quality Checking: The generated propositions are passed through a grading system that evaluates accuracy, clarity, completeness, and conciseness.

6. Simple RAG with JSON

   Overview 🔎

   RAG with JSON documents is a method of using JSON files to create a retrieval and question answering system.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • 📄 Data Loading & Extraction: JSON data with multiple fields per entry is loaded, and most relevant text fields are combined to generate an embedding.
   • 🔍 Retrieval: The system retrieves the most relevant JSON entries based on the user's query.

• The Propositions Method: Enhancing Information Retrieval for AI Systems - A comprehensive blog post exploring the benefits and implementation of proposition chunking in RAG systems.

1. Query Transformations 🔄

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script
   • 🎬 Watch it explained: Why Does RAG Miss an Answer That's Right There in Your Documents? — why the words in a question never quite line up with the words on the page, the three transformations (rewrite, step back, split) that fix the question instead of the index, and the rule that keeps the original question in charge of the answer.

   Overview 🔎

   Modifying and expanding queries to improve retrieval effectiveness.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • ✍️ Query Rewriting: Reformulate queries to improve retrieval.
   • 🔙 Step-back Prompting: Generate broader queries for better context retrieval.
   • 🧩 Sub-query Decomposition: Break complex queries into simpler sub-queries.

2. Hypothetical Questions (HyDE Approach) ❓

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script
   • 🎬 Watch it explained: HyDE for RAG: Search With a Fake Answer to Find the Real One — why a short question and a long document land far apart in embedding space even when they mean the same thing, why the made-up answer never has to be correct, and the two places the technique genuinely fails.

   Overview 🔎

   Generating hypothetical questions to improve alignment between queries and data.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Create hypothetical questions that point to relevant locations in the data, enhancing query-data matching.

   Additional Resources 📚

   • HyDE: Exploring Hypothetical Document Embeddings for AI Retrieval - A short blog post explaining this method clearly.

1. Hypothetical Prompt Embeddings (HyPE) ❓🚀

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   HyPE (Hypothetical Prompt Embeddings) is an enhancement to traditional RAG retrieval that precomputes hypothetical prompts at the indexing stage, but inseting the chunk in their place. This transforms retrieval into a question-question matching task. This avoids the need for runtime synthetic answer generation, reducing inference-time computational overhead while improving retrieval alignment.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • 📖 Precomputed Questions: Instead of embedding document chunks, HyPE generates multiple hypothetical queries per chunk at indexing time.
   • 🔍 Question-Question Matching: User queries are matched against stored hypothetical questions, leading to better retrieval alignment.
   • ⚡ No Runtime Overhead: Unlike HyDE, HyPE does not require LLM calls at query time, making retrieval faster and cheaper.
   • 📈 Higher Precision & Recall: Improves retrieval context precision by up to 42 percentage points and claim recall by up to 45 percentage points.

   Additional Resources 📚

   • Preprint: Hypothetical Prompt Embeddings (HyPE) - Research paper detailing the method, evaluation, and benchmarks.

2. Contextual Chunk Headers 🏷️:

   • 🎬 Watch it explained: Contextual Retrieval for RAG: Why Your Best Chunk Ranks Last — why a chunk that is exactly on topic still ranks last, what the pronouns cost you the moment the paragraph leaves its document, and the one kind of knowledge base where this does nothing at all.

   Overview 🔎

   Contextual chunk headers (CCH) is a method of creating document-level and section-level context, and prepending those chunk headers to the chunks prior to embedding them.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Create a chunk header that includes context about the document and/or section of the document, and prepend that to each chunk in order to improve the retrieval accuracy.

   Additional Resources 📚

   dsRAG: open-source retrieval engine that implements this technique (and a few other advanced RAG techniques)

3. Relevant Segment Extraction 🧩:

   Overview 🔎

   Relevant segment extraction (RSE) is a method of dynamically constructing multi-chunk segments of text that are relevant to a given query.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Perform a retrieval post-processing step that analyzes the most relevant chunks and identifies longer multi-chunk segments to provide more complete context to the LLM.

4. Context Enrichment Techniques 📝

• LangChain:
• LlamaIndex:
• Runnable Script

Enhancing retrieval accuracy by embedding individual sentences and extending context to neighboring sentences.

Retrieve the most relevant sentence while also accessing the sentences before and after it in the original text.

1. Semantic Chunking 🧠

• LangChain:
• Runnable Script

Dividing documents based on semantic coherence rather than fixed sizes.

Use NLP techniques to identify topic boundaries or coherent sections within documents for more meaningful retrieval units.

• Semantic Chunking: Improving AI Information Retrieval - A comprehensive blog post exploring the benefits and implementation of semantic chunking in RAG systems.

1. Contextual Compression 🗜️

• LangChain:
• Runnable Script

Compressing retrieved information while preserving query-relevant content.

Use an LLM to compress or summarize retrieved chunks, preserving key information relevant to the query.

1. Document Augmentation through Question Generation for Enhanced Retrieval

• LangChain:
• Runnable Script

This implementation demonstrates a text augmentation technique that leverages additional question generation to improve document retrieval within a vector database. By generating and incorporating various questions related to each text fragment, the system enhances the standard retrieval process, thus increasing the likelihood of finding relevant documents that can be utilized as context for generative question answering.

Use an LLM to augment text dataset with all possible questions that can be asked to each document.

1. Fusion Retrieval 🔗

   • LangChain:
   • LlamaIndex:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Optimizing search results by combining different retrieval methods.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Combine keyword-based search with vector-based search for more comprehensive and accurate retrieval.

2. Intelligent Reranking 📈

   • LangChain:
   • LlamaIndex:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Applying advanced scoring mechanisms to improve the relevance ranking of retrieved results.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • 🧠 LLM-based Scoring: Use a language model to score the relevance of each retrieved chunk.
   • 🔀 Cross-Encoder Models: Re-encode both the query and retrieved documents jointly for similarity scoring.
   • 🏆 Metadata-enhanced Ranking: Incorporate metadata into the scoring process for more nuanced ranking.

   Additional Resources 📚

   • Relevance Revolution: How Re-ranking Transforms RAG Systems - A comprehensive blog post exploring the power of re-ranking in enhancing RAG system performance.

3. Multi-faceted Filtering 🔍

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Applying various filtering techniques to refine and improve the quality of retrieved results.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • 🏷️ Metadata Filtering: Apply filters based on attributes like date, source, author, or document type.
   • 📊 Similarity Thresholds: Set thresholds for relevance scores to keep only the most pertinent results.
   • 📄 Content Filtering: Remove results that don't match specific content criteria or essential keywords.
   • 🌈 Diversity Filtering: Ensure result diversity by filtering out near-duplicate entries.

4. Hierarchical Indices 🗂️

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Creating a multi-tiered system for efficient information navigation and retrieval.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Implement a two-tiered system for document summaries and detailed chunks, both containing metadata pointing to the same location in the data.

   Additional Resources 📚

   • Hierarchical Indices: Enhancing RAG Systems - A comprehensive blog post exploring the power of hierarchical indices in enhancing RAG system performance.

5. Dartboard Retrieval 🎯

   • LangChain:

   Overview 🔎

   Optimizing over Relevant Information Gain in Retrieval

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Combine both relevance and diversity into a single scoring function and directly optimize for it.
   • POC showing plain simple RAG underperforming when the database is dense, and the dartboard retrieval outperforming it.

6. Multi-modal Retrieval 📽️

   Overview 🔎

   Extending RAG capabilities to handle diverse data types for richer responses.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Multi-model RAG with Multimedia Captioning: - Caption and store all the other multimedia data like pdfs, ppts, etc., with text data in vector store and retrieve them together.
   • Multi-model RAG with Colpali: - Instead of captioning convert all the data into image, then find the most relevant images and pass them to a vision large language model.

1. Retrieval with Feedback Loops 🔁

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Implementing mechanisms to learn from user interactions and improve future retrievals.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Collect and utilize user feedback on the relevance and quality of retrieved documents and generated responses to fine-tune retrieval and ranking models.

2. Adaptive Retrieval 🎯

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Dynamically adjusting retrieval strategies based on query types and user contexts.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Classify queries into different categories and use tailored retrieval strategies for each, considering user context and preferences.

1. DeepEval Evaluation: | Comprehensive RAG system evaluation |

   Overview 🔎

   Performing evaluations Retrieval-Augmented Generation systems, by covering several metrics and creating test cases.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Use the deepeval library to conduct test cases on correctness, faithfulness and contextual relevancy of RAG systems.

2. GroUSE Evaluation: | Contextually-grounded LLM evaluation |

   Overview 🔎

   Evaluate the final stage of Retrieval-Augmented Generation using metrics of the GroUSE framework and meta-evaluate your custom LLM judge on GroUSE unit tests.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Use the grouse package to evaluate contextually-grounded LLM generations with GPT-4 on the 6 metrics of the GroUSE framework and use unit tests to evaluate a custom Llama 3.1 405B evaluator.

3. End-to-End RAG Evaluation: | Complete evaluation pipeline |

   Overview 🔎

   A comprehensive tutorial covering evaluation criteria selection, LLM-as-a-judge metrics, RAGAS integration, and full evaluation pipeline assembly.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Build custom metrics for completeness, relevance, and hallucination detection using the RAG-12000 dataset.

4. Open-RAG-Eval: | Open-source RAG evaluation |

   Overview 🔎

   Demonstrates the open-rag-eval library for evaluation using UMBRELA scoring, AutoNuggetizer, and citation/hallucination detection.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Evaluate RAG pipelines using multiple open-source metrics against the FIQA financial dataset.

1. MemoRAG: | Memory-augmented retrieval |

   Overview 🔎

   A from-scratch implementation of MemoRAG - a memory-augmented RAG system with key-value pair extraction, surrogate query generation, and multi-query retrieval.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Build a complete MemoryStore with FAISS-based retrieval, surrogate queries, and comparison evaluation against standard RAG.

1. Explainable Retrieval 🔍

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Providing transparency in the retrieval process to enhance user trust and system refinement.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Explain why certain pieces of information were retrieved and how they relate to the query.

1. Agentic RAG with Contextual AI 🤖

   • Agentic RAG:

   Overview 🔎

   Building production-ready agentic RAG pipelines for financial document analysis with Contextual AI's managed platform. This comprehensive tutorial demonstrates how to leverage agentic RAG to solve complex queries through intelligent query reformulation, document parsing, reranking, and grounded language models.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Document Parser: Enterprise-grade parsing with vision models for complex tables, charts, and multi-page documents
   • Instruction-Following Reranker: SOTA reranker with instruction-following capabilities for handling conflicting information
   • Grounded Language Model (GLM): World's most grounded LLM specifically engineered to minimize hallucinations for RAG use cases
   • LMUnit: Natural language unit testing framework for evaluating and optimizing RAG system performance

2. Graph RAG with Milvus Vector Database 🔍

   • Graph RAG with Milvus:

   Overview 🔎

   A simple yet powerful approach to implement Graph RAG using Milvus vector databases. This technique significantly improves performance on complex multi-hop questions by combining relationship-based retrieval with vector search and reranking.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Store both text passages and relationship triplets (subject-predicate-object) in separate Milvus collections
   • Perform multi-way retrieval by querying both collections
   • Use an LLM to rerank retrieved relationships based on their relevance to the query
   • Retrieve the final passages based on the most relevant relationships

3. Knowledge Graph Integration (Graph RAG) 🕸️

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Incorporating structured data from knowledge graphs to enrich context and improve retrieval.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Retrieve entities and their relationships from a knowledge graph relevant to the query, combining this structured data with unstructured text for more informative responses.

4. GraphRag (Microsoft) 🎯

   • GraphRag:

   Overview 🔎

   Microsoft GraphRAG (Open Source) is an advanced RAG system that integrates knowledge graphs to improve the performance of LLMs

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Analyze an input corpus by extracting entities, relationships from text units. generates summaries of each community and its constituents from the bottom-up.

5. RAPTOR: Recursive Abstractive Processing for Tree-Organized Retrieval 🌳

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   Implementing a recursive approach to process and organize retrieved information in a tree structure.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Use abstractive summarization to recursively process and summarize retrieved documents, organizing the information in a tree structure for hierarchical context.

6. Self RAG 🔁

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   A dynamic approach that combines retrieval-based and generation-based methods, adaptively deciding whether to use retrieved information and how to best utilize it in generating responses.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Implement a multi-step process including retrieval decision, document retrieval, relevance evaluation, response generation, support assessment, and utility evaluation to produce accurate, relevant, and useful outputs.

7. Corrective RAG 🔧

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   A sophisticated RAG approach that dynamically evaluates and corrects the retrieval process, combining vector databases, web search, and language models for highly accurate and context-aware responses.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Integrate Retrieval Evaluator, Knowledge Refinement, Web Search Query Rewriter, and Response Generator components to create a system that adapts its information sourcing strategy based on relevance scores and combines multiple sources when necessary.

8. Local Graph RAG with Verifiable Attribution 🔗

   • NetworkX + Ollama:

   Overview 🔎

   A privacy-first Graph RAG implementation running entirely locally with Ollama. Uses NetworkX for multi-hop graph traversal and provides sentence-level attribution — every claim traces back to the exact source sentence, unlike Vector RAG's chunk-level attribution.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Extract entities and relationships from documents using a local LLM, building a knowledge graph with full source provenance. Combine vector similarity search (entry points) with graph traversal (multi-hop expansion). Generate answers with inline citations that map each claim to its source document, sentence, and graph path.

9. LightRAG 💡

   • LangChain:
   • Runnable Script

   Overview 🔎

   A simple and fast graph-based RAG that extracts an entity-relationship knowledge graph from the corpus and retrieves with a dual-level strategy (specific entities + high-level themes), supporting cheap incremental updates.

   Implementation 🛠️

   Extract entities and relationships per chunk into a merged knowledge graph, embed entity and relation profiles into two vector indexes, split the query into low-level and high-level keywords, then retrieve the matching entities and relations (plus their source chunks) to build the context.

1. Sophisticated Controllable Agent for Complex RAG Tasks 🤖

   Overview 🔎

   An advanced RAG solution designed to tackle complex questions that simple semantic similarity-based retrieval cannot solve. This approach uses a sophisticated deterministic graph as the "brain" 🧠 of a highly controllable autonomous agent, capable of answering non-trivial questions from your own data.

   Implementation 🛠️

   • Implement a multi-step process involving question anonymization, high-level planning, task breakdown, adaptive information retrieval and question answering, continuous re-planning, and rigorous answer verification to ensure grounded and accurate responses.

To begin implementing these advanced RAG techniques in your projects:

1. Clone this repository:

   git clone https://github.com/NirDiamant/RAG_Techniques.git
   

2. Navigate to the technique you're interested in:

   cd all_rag_techniques/technique-name
   

3. Follow the detailed implementation guide in each technique's directory.

This list contains Amazon affiliate links. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Every book below is one I've read and genuinely recommend to engineers working in this space. The companion book to this repo is featured separately at the top of this README.

• Build a Large Language Model (From Scratch) by Sebastian Raschka. Build a GPT-style model end to end in PyTorch.
• AI Engineering: Building Applications with Foundation Models by Chip Huyen. Canonical reference for productionizing foundation-model apps.
• Hands-On Large Language Models by Jay Alammar and Maarten Grootendorst. Visual, practical LLM walkthroughs.
• Natural Language Processing with Transformers by Lewis Tunstall, Leandro von Werra, and Thomas Wolf. From the Hugging Face team.
• Designing Machine Learning Systems by Chip Huyen. ML systems in production, still the standard reference.

🌟 Support This Project: Your sponsorship fuels innovation in RAG technologies. Become a sponsor to help maintain and expand this valuable resource!

Prompt Engineering: Master the Art of AI Interaction - the prompting foundation that makes RAG work better. Same visual approach, 22 hands-on techniques.

Run a course, newsletter, or dev community? You can earn 25% recommending RAG Made Simple to your audience.

We welcome contributions from the community! If you have a new technique or improvement to suggest:

1. Fork the repository
2. Create your feature branch: git checkout -b feature/AmazingFeature
3. Commit your changes: git commit -m 'Add some AmazingFeature'
4. Push to the branch: git push origin feature/AmazingFeature
5. Open a pull request

This project is licensed under a custom non-commercial license - see the LICENSE file for details.

⭐️ If you find this repository helpful, please consider giving it a star!

Keywords: RAG, Retrieval-Augmented Generation, NLP, AI, Machine Learning, Information Retrieval, Natural Language Processing, LLM, Embeddings, Semantic Search, PydanticAI, Agent Frameworks