sindresorhus/type-fest

A collection of essential TypeScript types

---

^{Sindre Sorhus' open source work is supported by the community}

^{Special thanks to:}

Effortless backends with infrastructure from code

^{An open-source framework that supports any programming language, cloud provider, or deployment automation tool.}

---

Many of the types here should have been built-in. You can help by suggesting some of them to the TypeScript project.

Either add this package as a dependency or copy-paste the needed types. No credit required. 👌

PR welcome for additional commonly needed types and docs improvements. Read the contributing guidelines first.

Help wanted with reviewing proposals and pull requests.

npm install type-fest

Requires TypeScript >=5.9, ESM, and {strict: true} in your tsconfig.

You may also like my ts-extras package which provides runtime functions for some of these types.

import type {Except} from 'type-fest';

type Foo = {
	unicorn: string;
	rainbow: boolean;
};

type FooWithoutRainbow = Except<Foo, 'rainbow'>;
//=> {unicorn: string}

Click the type names for complete docs.

• Primitive - Matches any primitive value.
• Class - Matches a class.
• Constructor - Matches a class constructor.
• AbstractClass - Matches an abstract class.
• AbstractConstructor - Matches an abstract class constructor.
• AsyncFunction - Matches an asynchronous function.
• AnyAsyncFunction - Matches any asynchronous function.
• AnyFunction - Matches any function.
• TypedArray - Matches any typed array, like Uint8Array or Float64Array.
• ObservableLike - Matches a value that is like an Observable.
• LowercaseLetter - Matches any lowercase letter in the basic Latin alphabet (a-z).
• UppercaseLetter - Matches any uppercase letter in the basic Latin alphabet (A-Z).
• DigitCharacter - Matches any digit as a string ('0'-'9').
• Alphanumeric - Matches any lowercase letter (a-z), uppercase letter (A-Z), or digit ('0'-'9') in the basic Latin alphabet.

• EmptyObject - Represents a strictly empty plain object, the {} value.
• NonEmptyObject - Represents an object with at least 1 non-optional key.
• UnknownRecord - Represents an object with unknown value. You probably want this instead of {}.
• UnknownArray - Represents an array with unknown value.
• UnknownMap - Represents a map with unknown key and value.
• UnknownSet - Represents a set with unknown value.
• Except - Create a type from an object type without certain keys.
• Writable - Create a type that strips readonly from the given type. Inverse of Readonly<T>.
• WritableDeep - Create a deeply mutable version of an object/ReadonlyMap/ReadonlySet/ReadonlyArray type. The inverse of ReadonlyDeep<T>. Use Writable<T> if you only need one level deep.
• Merge - Merge two types into a new type. Keys of the second type overrides keys of the first type.
• ObjectMerge - Merge two object types into a new object type, where keys from the second override keys from the first.
• MergeDeep - Merge two objects or two arrays/tuples recursively into a new type.
• MergeExclusive - Create a type that has mutually exclusive keys.
• OverrideProperties - Override existing properties of the given type. Similar to Merge, but enforces that the original type has the properties you want to override.
• RenameKeys - Rename keys in an object type according to a map of old-to-new names.
• RequireAtLeastOne - Create a type that requires at least one of the given keys, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• RequireExactlyOne - Create a type that requires exactly one of the given keys and disallows more, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• RequireAllOrNone - Create a type that requires all of the given keys or none of the given keys, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• RequireOneOrNone - Create a type that requires exactly one of the given keys or none of the given keys, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• SingleKeyObject - Create a type that only accepts an object with a single key.
• RequiredDeep - Create a deeply required version of another type.
• PickDeep - Pick properties from a deeply-nested object.
• OmitDeep - Omit properties from a deeply-nested object.
• OmitIndexSignature - Omit any index signatures from the given object type, leaving only explicitly defined properties.
• PickIndexSignature - Pick only index signatures from the given object type, leaving out all explicitly defined properties.
• PartialDeep - Create a deeply optional version of another type.
• PartialOnUndefinedDeep - Create a deep version of another type where all keys accepting undefined type are set to optional.
• UndefinedOnPartialDeep - Create a deep version of another type where all optional keys are set to also accept undefined.
• UndefinableDeep - Create a deep version of another type where leaf values also accept undefined, keeping object containers present.
• UnwrapPartial - Revert the Partial modifier on an object type.
• UnwrapRequired - Revert the Required modifier on an object type.
• ReadonlyDeep - Create a deeply immutable version of another type.
• LiteralUnion - Create a union type by combining primitive types and literal types without sacrificing auto-completion in IDEs for the literal type part of the union.
• Tagged - Create a tagged type that can support multiple tags and per-tag metadata.
• UnwrapTagged - Get the untagged portion of a tagged type created with Tagged.
• GetTagMetadata - Given a type and a tag name, returns the metadata associated with that tag on that type.
• InvariantOf - Create an invariant type, which is a type that does not accept supertypes and subtypes.
• SetOptional - Create a type that makes the given keys optional, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• SetOptionalDeep - Create a type that makes the given keys optional, with support for deeply nested key paths, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• SetReadonly - Create a type that makes the given keys readonly, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• SetRequired - Create a type that makes the given keys required, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• SetRequiredDeep - Create a type that makes the given keys required, with support for deeply nested key paths, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• SetNonNullable - Create a type that makes the given keys non-nullable, while keeping the remaining keys as is.
• SetNonNullableDeep - Create a type that makes the specified keys non-nullable (removes null and undefined), supports deeply nested key paths, and leaves all other keys unchanged.
• NonNullableDeep - Recursively removes null and undefined from the specified type.
• ValueOf - Create a union of the given object's values, and optionally specify which keys to get the values from.
• ConditionalKeys - Extract the keys from a type where the value type of the key extends the given Condition.
• ConditionalPick - Pick keys from the shape that matches the given Condition.
• ConditionalPickDeep - Pick keys recursively from the shape that matches the given condition.
• ConditionalExcept - Exclude keys from a shape that matches the given Condition.
• UnionToIntersection - Convert a union type to an intersection type.
• LiteralToPrimitive - Given a literal type return the primitive type it belongs to, or never if it's not a primitive.
• LiteralToPrimitiveDeep - Like LiteralToPrimitive except it converts literal types inside an object or array deeply.
• Stringified - Create a type with the values of the given type changed to string type.
• IterableElement - Get the element type of an Iterable/AsyncIterable. For example, Array, Set, Map, generator, stream, etc.
• Entry - Create a type that describes a single key-value pair produced when calling a collection’s entries method.
• ObjectEntry - Create a type that describes a single key-value pair produced by Object.entries, even for a generic object type.
• Entries - Create a type that describes the key-value pairs produced when calling a collection’s entries method.
• ObjectEntries - Create a type that describes the key-value pairs produced by Object.entries, even for a generic object type.
• Simplify - Useful to flatten the type output to improve type hints shown in editors. And also to transform an interface into a type to aide with assignability.
• SimplifyDeep - Deeply simplifies an object type.
• Get - Get a deeply-nested property from an object using a key path, like Lodash's .get() function.
• KeyAsString - Get keys of the given type as strings.
• Schema - Create a deep version of another object type where property values are recursively replaced into a given value type.
• Exact - Create a type that does not allow extra properties, meaning it only allows properties that are explicitly declared.
• KeysOfUnion - Create a union of all keys from a given type, even those exclusive to specific union members.
• OptionalKeysOf - Extract all optional keys from the given type.
• HasOptionalKeys - Returns a boolean for whether the given type has any optional fields.
• RequiredKeysOf - Extract all required keys from the given type.
• HasRequiredKeys - Returns a boolean for whether the given type has any required fields.
• ReadonlyKeysOf - Extract all readonly keys from the given type.
• HasReadonlyKeys - Returns a boolean for whether the given type has any readonly fields.
• WritableKeysOf - Extract all writable keys from the given type.
• HasWritableKeys - Returns a boolean for whether the given type has any writable fields.
• Spread - Mimic the type inferred by TypeScript when merging two objects or two arrays/tuples using the spread syntax.
• IsEqual - Returns a boolean for whether the two given types are equal.
• TaggedUnion - Create a union of types that share a common discriminant property.
• IntRange - Generate a union of numbers between a specified start (inclusive) and end (exclusive), with an optional step.
• IntClosedRange - Generate a union of numbers between a specified start and end (both inclusive), with an optional step.
• ArrayIndices - Provides valid indices for a constant array or tuple.
• ArrayValues - Provides all values for a constant array or tuple.
• ArraySplice - Create a new array type by adding or removing elements at a specified index range in the original array.
• ArrayTail - Extract the type of an array or tuple minus the first element.
• SetFieldType - Create a type that changes the type of the given keys.
• Paths - Generate a union of all possible paths to properties in the given object.
• OptionalPaths - Get a union of all paths to optional properties in the given object.
• SharedUnionFields - Create a type with shared fields from a union of object types.
• SharedUnionFieldsDeep - Create a type with shared fields from a union of object types, deeply traversing nested structures.
• AllUnionFields - Create a type with all fields from a union of object types.
• DistributedOmit - Omits keys from a type, distributing the operation over a union.
• DistributedPick - Pick keys from a type, distributing the operation over a union.
• And - Returns a boolean for whether two given types are both true.
• Or - Returns a boolean for whether either of two given types is true.
• Xor - Returns a boolean for whether only one of two given types is true.
• AndAll - Returns a boolean for whether all of the given elements are true.
• OrAll - Returns a boolean for whether any of the given elements is true.
• AllExtend - Returns a boolean for whether every element in an array type extends another type.
• SomeExtend - Returns a boolean for whether some element in an array type extends another type.
• NonEmptyTuple - Matches any non-empty tuple.
• NonEmptyString - Matches any non-empty string.
• FindGlobalType - Tries to find the type of a global with the given name.
• FindGlobalInstanceType - Tries to find one or more types from their globally-defined constructors.
• ConditionalSimplify - Simplifies a type while including and/or excluding certain types from being simplified.
• ConditionalSimplifyDeep - Recursively simplifies a type while including and/or excluding certain types from being simplified.
• ExclusifyUnion - Ensure mutual exclusivity in object unions by adding other members’ keys as ?: never.
• Optional - Create a type that represents either the value or undefined, while stripping null from the type.
• UnionMember - Returns an arbitrary member of a union type.
• UnionLength - Returns the length of a union type.

• If - An if-else-like type that resolves depending on whether the given boolean type is true or false.
• IsLiteral - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is a literal type.
• IsStringLiteral - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is a string literal type.
• IsNumericLiteral - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is a number or bigint literal type.
• IsBooleanLiteral - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is a true or false literal type.
• IsSymbolLiteral - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is a symbol literal type.
• IsAny - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is any.
• IsNever - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is never.
• IsUnknown - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is unknown.
• IsEmptyObject - Returns a boolean for whether the type is strictly equal to an empty plain object, the {} value.
• IsNull - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is null.
• IsUndefined - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is undefined.
• IsTuple - Returns a boolean for whether the given array is a tuple.
• IsUnion - Returns a boolean for whether the given type is a union.
• IsLowercase - Returns a boolean for whether the given string literal is lowercase.
• IsUppercase - Returns a boolean for whether the given string literal is uppercase.
• IsOptional - Returns a boolean for whether the given type includes undefined.
• IsNullable - Returns a boolean for whether the given type includes null.
• IsOptionalKeyOf - Returns a boolean for whether the given key is an optional key of type.
• IsRequiredKeyOf - Returns a boolean for whether the given key is a required key of type.
• IsReadonlyKeyOf - Returns a boolean for whether the given key is a readonly key of type.
• IsWritableKeyOf - Returns a boolean for whether the given key is a writable key of type.

• Jsonify - Transform a type to one that is assignable to the JsonValue type.
• Jsonifiable - Matches a value that can be losslessly converted to JSON.
• JsonPrimitive - Matches any valid JSON primitive value.
• JsonObject - Matches a JSON object.
• JsonArray - Matches a JSON array.
• JsonValue - Matches any valid JSON value.

• StructuredCloneable - Matches a value that can be losslessly cloned using structuredClone.

• Overloads - Extract all overload signatures of the given function type as a tuple, preserving declaration order.
• OverloadParameters - Extract the parameter types of all overloads as a union.
• OverloadReturnType - Extract the return types of all overloads as a union.
• SetReturnType - Create a function type with a return type of your choice and the same parameters as the given function type.
• SetParameterType - Create a function that replaces some parameters with the given parameters.

• Promisable - Create a type that represents either the value or the value wrapped in PromiseLike.
• AsyncReturnType - Unwrap the return type of a function that returns a Promise.
• Asyncify - Create an async version of the given function type, by boxing the return type in Promise while keeping the same parameter types.

• Trim - Remove leading and trailing spaces from a string.
• Split - Represents an array of strings split using a given character or character set.
• Words - Split a string similar to Lodash's _.words() function.
• Replace - Represents a string with some or all matches replaced by a replacement.
• StringSlice - Returns a string slice of a given range, just like String#slice().
• StringRepeat - Returns a new string which contains the specified number of copies of a given string, just like String#repeat().
• RemovePrefix - Remove the specified prefix from the start of a string.
• RemoveSuffix - Remove the specified suffix from the end of a string.
• StringToArray - Returns an array of the characters of the specified string.
• StringLength - Returns the length of the given string.

• Arrayable - Create a type that represents either the value or an array of the value.
• Includes - Returns a boolean for whether the given array includes the given item.
• Join - Join an array of strings and/or numbers using the given string as a delimiter.
• ArraySlice - Returns an array slice of a given range, just like Array#slice().
• ArrayElement - Extracts the element type of an array or tuple.
• LastArrayElement - Extract the type of the last element of an array.
• FixedLengthArray - Create a type that represents an array of the given type and length. The Array prototype methods that manipulate its length are excluded from the resulting type.
• MultidimensionalArray - Create a type that represents a multidimensional array of the given type and dimension.
• MultidimensionalReadonlyArray - Create a type that represents a multidimensional readonly array of the given type and dimension.
• ReadonlyTuple - Create a type that represents a read-only tuple of the given type and length.
• TupleToUnion - Convert a tuple/array into a union type of its elements.
• UnionToTuple - Convert a union type into an unordered tuple type of its elements.
• TupleToObject - Transforms a tuple into an object, mapping each tuple index to its corresponding type as a key-value pair.
• TupleOf - Create a tuple type of the specified length with elements of the specified type.
• SplitOnRestElement - Splits an array into three parts, where the first contains all elements before the rest element, the second is the rest element itself, and the third contains all elements after the rest element.
• ExtractRestElement - Extract the rest element type from an array.
• ExcludeRestElement - Create a tuple with the rest element removed.
• ArrayReverse - Reverse the order of elements in a tuple type.
• ArrayLength - Return the length of an array. Equivalent to T['length'] where T extends any array.
• EmptyArray - Represents a strictly empty readonly array, implemented as the readonly empty tuple readonly [].

• PositiveInfinity - Matches the hidden Infinity type.
• NegativeInfinity - Matches the hidden -Infinity type.
• Finite - A finite number.
• Integer - A number that is an integer.
• Float - A number that is not an integer.
• NegativeFloat - A negative (-∞ < x < 0) number that is not an integer.
• Negative - A negative number/bigint (-∞ < x < 0).
• NonNegative - A non-negative number/bigint (0 <= x < ∞).
• NegativeInteger - A negative (-∞ < x < 0) number that is an integer.
• NonNegativeInteger - A non-negative (0 <= x < ∞) number that is an integer.
• IsNegative - Returns a boolean for whether the given number is a negative number.
• IsFloat - Returns a boolean for whether the given number is a float, like 1.5 or -1.5.
• IsInteger - Returns a boolean for whether the given number is an integer, like -5, 1.0, or 100.
• GreaterThan - Returns a boolean for whether a given number is greater than another number.
• GreaterThanOrEqual - Returns a boolean for whether a given number is greater than or equal to another number.
• LessThan - Returns a boolean for whether a given number is less than another number.
• LessThanOrEqual - Returns a boolean for whether a given number is less than or equal to another number.
• Sum - Returns the sum of two numbers.
• Subtract - Returns the difference between two numbers.
• UnionMax - Returns the maximum number in a union of numbers.
• Absolute - Returns the absolute value of the specified number or bigint.
• StringToNumber - Converts a numeric string to a number.

• CamelCase - Convert a string literal to camel-case.
• CamelCasedProperties - Convert top-level object properties to camel case.
• CamelCasedPropertiesDeep - Convert object properties to camel case recursively.
• KebabCase - Convert a string literal to kebab-case.
• KebabCasedProperties - Convert top-level object properties to kebab case.
• KebabCasedPropertiesDeep - Convert object properties to kebab case recursively.
• PascalCase - Convert a string literal to pascal-case.
• PascalCasedProperties - Convert top-level object properties to pascal case.
• PascalCasedPropertiesDeep - Convert object properties to pascal case recursively.
• SnakeCase - Convert a string literal to snake-case.
• SnakeCasedProperties - Convert top-level object properties to snake case.
• SnakeCasedPropertiesDeep - Convert object properties to snake case recursively.
• ScreamingSnakeCase - Convert a string literal to screaming-snake-case.
• DelimiterCase - Convert a string literal to a custom string delimiter casing.
• DelimiterCasedProperties - Convert object properties to a custom string delimiter casing.
• DelimiterCasedPropertiesDeep - Convert object properties to a custom string delimiter casing recursively.

• GlobalThis - Declare locally scoped properties on globalThis.
• PackageJson - Type for npm's package.json file. Also includes types for fields used by other popular projects, like TypeScript and Yarn.
• TsConfigJson - Type for TypeScript's tsconfig.json file.

• ExtendsStrict - A customizable version of extends for checking whether one type is assignable to another.
• ExtractStrict - A stricter version of Extract<T, U> that ensures every member of U can successfully extract something from T.
• ExcludeStrict - A stricter version of Exclude<T, U> that ensures every member of U can successfully exclude something from T.
• ExcludeExactly - A stricter version of Exclude<T, U> that excludes types only when they are exactly identical.
• ExtractExactly - A stricter version of Extract<T, U> that extracts types only when they are exactly identical.

If we decline a type addition, we will make sure to document the better solution here.

• Diff and Spread - The pull request author didn't provide any real-world use-cases and the PR went stale. If you think this type is useful, provide some real-world use-cases and we might reconsider.
• Dictionary - You only save a few characters (Dictionary<number> vs Record<string, number>) from Record, which is more flexible and well-known. Also, you shouldn't use an object as a dictionary. We have Map in JavaScript now.
• ExtractProperties and ExtractMethods - The types violate the single responsibility principle. Instead, refine your types into more granular type hierarchies.
• Url2Json - Inferring search parameters from a URL string is a cute idea, but not very useful in practice, since search parameters are usually dynamic and defined separately.
• Nullish - The type only saves a couple of characters, not everyone knows what "nullish" means, and I'm also trying to get away from null.
• TitleCase - It's not solving a common need and is a better fit for a separate package.
• ExtendOr and ExtendAnd - The benefits don't outweigh having to learn what they mean.
• PackageJsonExtras - There are too many possible configurations that can be put into package.json. If you would like to extend PackageJson to support an additional configuration in your project, please see the Extending existing types section below.

If you know one of our types by a different name, add it here for discovery.

• Prettify- See Simplify
• Expand- See Simplify
• PartialBy - See SetOptional
• RecordDeep- See Schema
• Mutable- See Writable
• RequireOnlyOne, OneOf - See RequireExactlyOne
• AtMostOne - See RequireOneOrNone
• AllKeys - See KeysOfUnion
• Branded - See Tagged
• Opaque - See Tagged
• SetElement - See IterableElement
• SetEntry - See IterableElement
• SetValues - See IterableElement
• PickByTypes - See ConditionalPick
• HomomorphicOmit - See Except
• IfAny, IfNever, If* - See If
• Maybe, Option - See Optional
• MaybePromise - See Promisable
• ReadonlyTuple - See TupleOf
• LastOfUnion - See UnionMember
• FirstOfUnion - See UnionMember
• Destructurable - See ExclusifyUnion

• PackageJson - There are a lot of tools that place extra configurations inside the package.json file. You can extend PackageJson to support these additional configurations.

  Example

  Playground

   import type {PackageJson as BasePackageJson} from 'type-fest';
   import type {Linter} from 'eslint';
  
   type PackageJson = BasePackageJson & {eslintConfig?: Linter.Config};

• typed-query-selector - Enhances document.querySelector and document.querySelectorAll with a template literal type that matches element types returned from an HTML element query selector.
• Linter.Config - Definitions for the ESLint configuration schema.

There are many advanced types most users don't know about.

• Awaited<T> - Extract the type of a value that a Promise resolves to.

  Example

  Playground

  interface User {
  	id: number;
  	name: string;
  	age: number;
  }
  
  class UserApiService {
  	async fetchUser(userId: number): Promise<User> {
  		// Fetch the user data from the database.
  		// The actual implementation might look like this:
  		// const response = await fetch('/api/user/${userId}');
  		// const data = response.json();
  		// return data;
  		return {
  			id: 1,
  			name: 'John Doe',
  			age: 30
  		};
  	}
  }
  
  type FetchedUser = Awaited<ReturnType<UserApiService['fetchUser']>>;
  
  async function handleUserData(apiService: UserApiService, userId: number) {
  	try {
  		const user: FetchedUser = await apiService.fetchUser(userId);
  		// After fetching user data, you can perform various actions such as updating the user interface,
  		// caching the data for future use, or making additional API requests as needed.
  	} catch (error) {
  		// Error handling
  	}
  }
  
  const userApiService = new UserApiService();
  handleUserData(userApiService, 1);

• Partial<T> - Make all properties in T optional.

  Example

  Playground

   interface NodeConfig {
   		appName: string;
   		port: number;
   }
  
   class NodeAppBuilder {
   		private configuration: NodeConfig = {
   				appName: 'NodeApp',
   				port: 3000
   		};
  
   		private updateConfig<Key extends keyof NodeConfig>(key: Key, value: NodeConfig[Key]) {
   				this.configuration[key] = value;
   		}
  
   		config(config: Partial<NodeConfig>) {
   				type NodeConfigKey = keyof NodeConfig;
  
   				for (const key of Object.keys(config) as NodeConfigKey[]) {
   						const updateValue = config[key];
  
   						if (updateValue === undefined) {
   								continue;
   						}
  
   						this.updateConfig(key, updateValue);
   				}
  
   				return this;
   		}
   }
  
   // `Partial<NodeConfig>`` allows us to provide only a part of the
   // NodeConfig interface.
   new NodeAppBuilder().config({appName: 'ToDoApp'});

  Partial<T> can be reverted with UnwrapPartial.

• Required<T> - Make all properties in T required.

  Example

  Playground

   interface ContactForm {
   		email?: string;
   		message?: string;
   }
  
   function submitContactForm(formData: Required<ContactForm>) {
   		// Send the form data to the server.
   }
  
   submitContactForm({
   		email: 'ex@mple.com',
   		message: 'Hi! Could you tell me more about…',
   });
  
   // TypeScript error: missing property 'message'
   submitContactForm({
   		email: 'ex@mple.com',
   });

  Required<T> can be reverted with UnwrapRequired.

• Readonly<T> - Make all properties in T readonly.

  Example

  Playground

   enum LogLevel {
   		Off,
   		Debug,
   		Error,
   		Fatal
   };
  
   interface LoggerConfig {
   		name: string;
   		level: LogLevel;
   }
  
   class Logger {
   		config: Readonly<LoggerConfig>;
  
   		constructor({name, level}: LoggerConfig) {
   				this.config = {name, level};
   				Object.freeze(this.config);
   		}
   }
  
   const config: LoggerConfig = {
   	name: 'MyApp',
   	level: LogLevel.Debug
   };
  
   const logger = new Logger(config);
  
   // TypeScript Error: cannot assign to read-only property.
   logger.config.level = LogLevel.Error;
  
   // We are able to edit config variable as we please.
   config.level = LogLevel.Error;

• Pick<T, K> - From T, pick a set of properties whose keys are in the union K.

  Example

  Playground

   interface Article {
   		title: string;
   		thumbnail: string;
   		content: string;
   }
  
   // Creates new type out of the `Article` interface composed
   // from the Articles' two properties: `title` and `thumbnail`.
   // `ArticlePreview = {title: string; thumbnail: string}`
   type ArticlePreview = Pick<Article, 'title' | 'thumbnail'>;
  
   // Render a list of articles using only title and description.
   function renderArticlePreviews(previews: ArticlePreview[]): HTMLElement {
   		const articles = document.createElement('div');
  
   		for (const preview of previews) {
   				// Append preview to the articles.
   		}
  
   		return articles;
   }
  
   const articles = renderArticlePreviews([
   		{
   			title: 'TypeScript tutorial!',
   			thumbnail: '/assets/ts.jpg'
   		}
   ]);

• Record<K, T> - Construct a type with a set of properties K of type T.

  Example

  Playground

   // Positions of employees in our company.
   type MemberPosition = 'intern' | 'developer' | 'tech-lead';
  
   // Interface describing properties of a single employee.
   interface Employee {
   		firstName: string;
   		lastName: string;
   		yearsOfExperience: number;
   }
  
   // Create an object that has all possible `MemberPosition` values set as keys.
   // Those keys will store a collection of Employees of the same position.
   const team: Record<MemberPosition, Employee[]> = {
   		intern: [],
   		developer: [],
   		'tech-lead': [],
   };
  
   // Our team has decided to help John with his dream of becoming Software Developer.
   team.intern.push({
   	firstName: 'John',
   	lastName: 'Doe',
   	yearsOfExperience: 0
   });
  
   // `Record` forces you to initialize all of the property keys.
   // TypeScript Error: "tech-lead" property is missing
   const teamEmpty: Record<MemberPosition, null> = {
   		intern: null,
   		developer: null,
   };

• Exclude<T, U> - Exclude from T those types that are assignable to U.

  Example

  Playground

   interface ServerConfig {
   	port: null | string | number;
   }
  
   type RequestHandler = (request: Request, response: Response) => void;
  
   // Exclude `null` type from `null | string | number`.
   // In case the port is equal to `null`, we will use default value.
   function getPortValue(port: Exclude<ServerConfig['port'], null>): number {
   	if (typeof port === 'string') {
   		return parseInt(port, 10);
   	}
  
   	return port;
   }
  
   function startServer(handler: RequestHandler, config: ServerConfig): void {
   	const server = require('http').createServer(handler);
  
   	const port = config.port === null ? 3000 : getPortValue(config.port);
   	server.listen(port);
   }

• Extract<T, U> - Extract from T those types that are assignable to U.

  Example

  Playground

   declare function uniqueId(): number;
  
   const ID = Symbol('ID');
  
   interface Person {
   	[ID]: number;
   	name: string;
   	age: number;
   }
  
   // Allows changing the person data as long as the property key is of string type.
   function changePersonData<
   	Obj extends Person,
   	Key extends Extract<keyof Person, string>,
   	Value extends Obj[Key]
   > (obj: Obj, key: Key, value: Value): void {
   	obj[key] = value;
   }
  
   // Tiny Andrew was born.
   const andrew = {
   	[ID]: uniqueId(),
   	name: 'Andrew',
   	age: 0,
   };
  
   // Cool, we're fine with that.
   changePersonData(andrew, 'name', 'Pony');
  
   // Government didn't like the fact that you wanted to change your identity.
   changePersonData(andrew, ID, uniqueId());

• NonNullable<T> - Exclude null and undefined from T.

  Example

  Works with strictNullChecks set to true.

  Playground

   type PortNumber = string | number | null;
  
   /** Part of a class definition that is used to build a server */
   class ServerBuilder {
   		portNumber!: NonNullable<PortNumber>;
  
   		port(this: ServerBuilder, port: PortNumber): ServerBuilder {
   				if (port == null) {
   						this.portNumber = 8000;
   				} else {
   						this.portNumber = port;
   				}
  
   				return this;
   		}
   }
  
   const serverBuilder = new ServerBuilder();
  
   serverBuilder
   		.port('8000')   // portNumber = '8000'
   		.port(null)     // portNumber =  8000
   		.port(3000);    // portNumber =  3000
  
   // TypeScript error
   serverBuilder.portNumber = null;

• Parameters<T> - Obtain the parameters of a function type in a tuple.

  Example

  Playground

   function shuffle(input: any[]): void {
   	// Mutate array randomly changing its' elements indexes.
   }
  
   function callNTimes<Fn extends (...arguments_: any[]) => any> (func: Fn, callCount: number) {
   	// Type that represents the type of the received function parameters.
   	type FunctionParameters = Parameters<Fn>;
  
   	return function (...arguments_: FunctionParameters) {
   		for (let i = 0; i < callCount; i++) {
   			func(...arguments_);
   		}
   	}
   }
  
   const shuffleTwice = callNTimes(shuffle, 2);

• ConstructorParameters<T> - Obtain the parameters of a constructor function type in a tuple.

  Example

  Playground

   class ArticleModel {
   	title: string;
   	content?: string;
  
   	constructor(title: string) {
   		this.title = title;
   	}
   }
  
   class InstanceCache<T extends (new (...arguments_: any[]) => any)> {
   	private ClassConstructor: T;
   	private cache: Map<string, InstanceType<T>> = new Map();
  
   	constructor (ctr: T) {
   		this.ClassConstructor = ctr;
   	}
  
   	getInstance (...arguments_: ConstructorParameters<T>): InstanceType<T> {
   		const hash = this.calculateArgumentsHash(...arguments_);
  
   		const existingInstance = this.cache.get(hash);
   		if (existingInstance !== undefined) {
   			return existingInstance;
   		}
  
   		return new this.ClassConstructor(...arguments_);
   	}
  
   	private calculateArgumentsHash(...arguments_: any[]): string {
   		// Calculate hash.
   		return 'hash';
   	}
   }
  
   const articleCache = new InstanceCache(ArticleModel);
   const amazonArticle = articleCache.getInstance('Amazon forests burning!');

• ReturnType<T> - Obtain the return type of a function type.

  Example

  Playground

   /** Provides every element of the iterable `iter` into the `callback` function and stores the results in an array. */
   function mapIter<
   		Elem,
   		Func extends (elem: Elem) => any,
   		Ret extends ReturnType<Func>
   >(iter: Iterable<Elem>, callback: Func): Ret[] {
   		const mapped: Ret[] = [];
  
   		for (const elem of iter) {
   				mapped.push(callback(elem));
   		}
  
   		return mapped;
   }
  
   const setObject: Set<string> = new Set();
   const mapObject: Map<number, string> = new Map();
  
   mapIter(setObject, (value: string) => value.indexOf('Foo')); // number[]
  
   mapIter(mapObject, ([key, value]: [number, string]) => {
   		return key % 2 === 0 ? value : 'Odd';
   }); // string[]

• InstanceType<T> - Obtain the instance type of a constructor function type.

  Example

  Playground

   class IdleService {
   		doNothing (): void {}
   }
  
   class News {
   		title: string;
   		content: string;
  
   		constructor(title: string, content: string) {
   				this.title = title;
   				this.content = content;
   		}
   }
  
   const instanceCounter: Map<Function, number> = new Map();
  
   interface Constructor {
   		new(...arguments_: any[]): any;
   }
  
   // Keep track how many instances of `Constr` constructor have been created.
   function getInstance<
   		Constr extends Constructor,
   		Arguments extends ConstructorParameters<Constr>
   >(constructor: Constr, ...arguments_: Arguments): InstanceType<Constr> {
   		let count = instanceCounter.get(constructor) || 0;
  
   		const instance = new constructor(...arguments_);
  
   		instanceCounter.set(constructor, count + 1);
  
   		console.log(`Created ${count + 1} instances of ${Constr.name} class`);
  
   		return instance;
   }
  
  
   const idleService = getInstance(IdleService);
   // Will log: `Created 1 instances of IdleService class`
   const newsEntry = getInstance(News, 'New ECMAScript proposals!', 'Last month...');
   // Will log: `Created 1 instances of News class`

• Omit<T, K> - Constructs a type by picking all properties from T and then removing K.

  Example

  Playground

   interface Animal {
   		imageUrl: string;
   		species: string;
   		images: string[];
   		paragraphs: string[];
   }
  
   // Creates new type with all properties of the `Animal` interface
   // except 'images' and 'paragraphs' properties. We can use this
   // type to render small hover tooltip for a wiki entry list.
   type AnimalShortInfo = Omit<Animal, 'images' | 'paragraphs'>;
  
   function renderAnimalHoverInfo (animals: AnimalShortInfo[]): HTMLElement {
   		const container = document.createElement('div');
   		// Internal implementation.
   		return container;
   }

• Uppercase<S extends string> - Transforms every character in a string into uppercase.

  Example

   type T = Uppercase<'hello'>;  // 'HELLO'
  
   type T2 = Uppercase<'foo' | 'bar'>;  // 'FOO' | 'BAR'
  
   type T3<S extends string> = Uppercase<`aB${S}`>;
   type T4 = T3<'xYz'>;  // 'ABXYZ'
  
   type T5 = Uppercase<string>;  // string
   type T6 = Uppercase<any>;  // any
   type T7 = Uppercase<never>;  // never
   type T8 = Uppercase<42>;  // Error, type 'number' does not satisfy the constraint 'string'

• Lowercase<S extends string> - Transforms every character in a string into lowercase.

  Example

   type T = Lowercase<'HELLO'>;  // 'hello'
  
   type T2 = Lowercase<'FOO' | 'BAR'>;  // 'foo' | 'bar'
  
   type T3<S extends string> = Lowercase<`aB${S}`>;
   type T4 = T3<'xYz'>;  // 'abxyz'
  
   type T5 = Lowercase<string>;  // string
   type T6 = Lowercase<any>;  // any
   type T7 = Lowercase<never>;  // never
   type T8 = Lowercase<42>;  // Error, type 'number' does not satisfy the constraint 'string'

• Capitalize<S extends string> - Transforms the first character in a string into uppercase.

  Example

   type T = Capitalize<'hello'>;  // 'Hello'
  
   type T2 = Capitalize<'foo' | 'bar'>;  // 'Foo' | 'Bar'
  
   type T3<S extends string> = Capitalize<`aB${S}`>;
   type T4 = T3<'xYz'>;  // 'ABxYz'
  
   type T5 = Capitalize<string>;  // string
   type T6 = Capitalize<any>;  // any
   type T7 = Capitalize<never>;  // never
   type T8 = Capitalize<42>;  // Error, type 'number' does not satisfy the constraint 'string'

• Uncapitalize<S extends string> - Transforms the first character in a string into lowercase.

  Example

   type T = Uncapitalize<'Hello'>;  // 'hello'
  
   type T2 = Uncapitalize<'Foo' | 'Bar'>;  // 'foo' | 'bar'
  
   type T3<S extends string> = Uncapitalize<`AB${S}`>;
   type T4 = T3<'xYz'>;  // 'aBxYz'
  
   type T5 = Uncapitalize<string>;  // string
   type T6 = Uncapitalize<any>;  // any
   type T7 = Uncapitalize<never>;  // never
   type T8 = Uncapitalize<42>;  // Error, type 'number' does not satisfy the constraint 'string'

You can find some examples in the TypeScript docs.

• Sindre Sorhus
• Haozheng Li
• Som Shekhar Mukherjee
• Jarek Radosz
• Dimitri Benin
• Pelle Wessman
• Sébastien Mischler

• MIT
• CC0-1.0

SPDX-License-Identifier: (MIT OR CC0-1.0)