antirez/h3.c

Native MiniMax-H3 inference for Apple Silicon. The project is being built as a sequence of working vertical slices: deterministic host/model metadata first, then portable Metal block parity, prompt encoding, prompt-to-video/audio, and first/last-frame conditioning and then ordered references.

Prompt-to-video/audio, first/last-frame conditioning, and ordered Ref2VA image/video/audio references work end to end. The current work is incremental H3-specific Metal performance and memory optimization on M3 Max and M5 Max.

The examples assume that the Hugging Face snapshot is in ./MiniMax-H3 and that FFmpeg and FFprobe are available on PATH.

make -j8
mkdir -p outputs
./h3 --info -d ./MiniMax-H3

--info checks the model layout and prints the selected Metal device without mapping all weights or generating media. Run ./h3 --help for the complete CLI reference.

Without -p, the same binary starts an Iris-style interactive session:

./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 --width 512 --height 512 --steps 6

Type a prompt to generate a numbered video. The session keeps the exact BF16 prompt conditioning, prepared DiT, and video decoder in memory, so repeating a prompt with another seed avoids loading and encoding them again. Useful commands are !status, !seed random, !seconds 2, !show, !save output.mp4, and !cache. Use !help for the full, short list.

First/last-frame conditioning is persistent in the session:

h3> !first opening.png
h3> !last ending.png
h3> The camera moves slowly around the subject.

Use !first clear or !last clear to remove an anchor. Generated videos are written to the session directory printed at startup.

For a general Ref2VA conditioning image, use !ref-image PATH instead. Images are appended in order and exposed to the model as <Picture 1>, <Picture 2>, and so on; filenames have no meaning to the model.

h3> !ref-image person.png
h3> Make the person shown in Picture 1 wave to the camera.

!refs lists the current order, !ref-remove N removes one entry, and !refs clear removes them all. Ref2VA references cannot be mixed with !first/!last anchors.

Start with the validated balanced preset. It generates 22 frames at 24 fps (about 0.92 seconds), displays the evolving middle-video frame after every denoising transition in a supported graphical terminal, and prints phase timings:

./h3 --profile \
  -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A red fox walks through fresh snow in a pine forest. Medium tracking shot, natural winter light, realistic fur, soft footsteps and wind." \
  --width 512 --height 512 \
  --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 45 --reuse 2 \
  --show \
  -o outputs/fox-fast.mp4

This is deliberately not the most aggressive configuration:

• --steps 20 performs the default 20 denoising passes.
• --reuse 2 computes 11 fresh denoiser velocities instead of all 20 and extrapolates the skipped transitions.
• --layers 45 runs 45 of the 50 transformer blocks, reducing both time and unified-memory use.
• --show is optional. It supports Kitty/Ghostty and iTerm2/WezTerm/Konsole graphical protocols. It loads a resident preview VAE, displays one representative middle-video frame after every Euler transition, and then displays all final frames. Display dimensions default to 2x so the image has its intended logical size on macOS Retina screens; use --zoom 1 on a non-HiDPI display. This adds preview decode time and roughly 10 GiB of temporary model residency; runs without --show are unchanged.
• --profile is optional and does not select a different generation path.

The first process invocation also pays model loading and filesystem-cache costs. Compare performance using repeated runs, and alternate variants when the machines are warming up because this workload is sensitive to thermal throttling.

For a very short iteration, request four denoising passes directly:

./h3 --profile \
  -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A red fox walks through fresh snow in a pine forest. Medium tracking shot, natural winter light, realistic fur." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 \
  --steps 4 --layers 50 --reuse 1 \
  --show \
  -o outputs/fox-four-step.mp4

--steps N always means exactly N denoising passes. Four through seven passes use the same schedule that won the low-budget comparison; increasing from 4 to 7 progressively improves detail and motion. Keep --reuse 1 at such small budgets so every requested pass runs the model. --show displays one preview after each pass.

Several tail-heavy schedules were evaluated because most visible cleanup happens late in a long run. They preserved too few early composition updates and produced woven texture, weak motion, or clipped colors. The retained mode uses the released linear base grid with one terminal point. On the 512-square, 22-frame fox test, the selected four-pass result had 0.556 full-video SSIM against a 29-pass reference; an independent surfer test measured 0.547. The four-pass denoise took about 3.5 seconds on M5 Max, versus 26.4 seconds for the reference.

For a low-memory run, add --ssd-streaming:

./h3 --profile \
  -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A red fox walks through fresh snow in a pine forest." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 50 --reuse 1 --ssd-streaming \
  -o outputs/fox-ssd.mp4

This uses the original BF16 checkpoint without conversion or quantization. It keeps two DiT blocks in memory and reads the next block from SSD while the GPU runs the current one. On M5 Max, tracked DiT storage fell from about 36.5 GiB to 2.0 GiB at 512 square and 2.1 GiB at 864x480. A warm 50-block forward measured 1.35 versus 2.49 seconds at 512 square (84% slower), and 2.14 versus 2.68 seconds at 864x480 (26% slower). These are comparisons against the same full-residency BF16 path, and the results were byte-identical in both checks.

The 2.0--2.1 GiB figure is the DiT's tracked tensor storage, not total system RAM. Prompt encoding and the two VAEs run in separate phases rather than adding their full peaks to it; the OS, media buffers, and output resolution still need headroom. --show keeps a preview VAE resident and adds roughly 10 GiB, so omit it for the lowest-memory run.

SSD streaming is an explicit memory/speed tradeoff and is not the default. It cannot be combined with --use-int8-row-fc2. In an interactive session, use !ssd-streaming on.

Change one control at a time when evaluating quality. First restore all layers, then all denoiser evaluations, and finally raise the default 20-pass schedule to the slower 50-pass reference:

./h3 --profile \
  -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A red fox walks through fresh snow in a pine forest. Medium tracking shot, natural winter light, realistic fur, soft footsteps and wind." \
  --width 512 --height 512 \
  --frames 22 --steps 50 \
  --layers 50 --reuse 1 \
  -o outputs/fox-close.mp4

The defaults are --steps 20 --layers 50 --reuse 1; keep --steps 50 explicit for this close path. It performs 50 complete 50-block denoiser forwards and is much more expensive than the default, but is the right oracle when a fast mode changes the subject, anatomy, motion, or composition. Numerical pixel identity with MLX is not expected because the random-number and execution engines differ; the depicted content and motion should agree.

These controls are independent unless noted otherwise:

On M5, --use-int8-row-fc2 uses one activation scale per FC2 row and a single full-width TensorOps product. It is optional because it is less numerically conservative than grouped int8. It reduced complete denoiser forwards by about 2.6% in reciprocal tests. Matched four-step fox and surfer videos kept the same subjects, setting, and motion (full-video SSIM 0.919 and 0.828). In the interactive session, use !int8-row-fc2 on.

--reuse and --core-reuse are mutually exclusive. Layer thinning can be combined with either one.

To make the first command faster while keeping its output resolution, add token reduction:

./h3 --profile \
  -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A surfer riding inside a sharp blue ocean wave, one rider and one white board, realistic spray." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 45 --reuse 2 --token-reduction \
  -o outputs/surfer-fast.mp4

At the validated 512 square shape, token reduction cut the 45 layers + reuse 2 denoise profile from 16.69 to 12.60 seconds on the IT M5 Max. Independent fox and surfer renders stayed coherent, but composition can diverge more from the close path.

For an aggressive preview, render internally at 320 square and upscale to the requested 512 square output:

./h3 --profile \
  -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A red fox walking through snow, realistic, tracking shot." \
  --width 512 --height 512 \
  --render-width 320 --render-height 320 \
  --frames 22 --steps 20 --layers 40 --reuse 3 \
  -o outputs/fox-aggressive.mp4

This combination produced a clean, recognizable 22-frame fox in validation, but loses fine detail and can change framing. Do not add --token-reduction to both --layers 40 and --reuse 3: that tested combination produced color ringing, outlines, and ghosted limbs.

As an alternative to whole-velocity reuse, this keeps the timestep-dependent patch and output heads fresh at every transition:

./h3 --profile \
  -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A surfer riding a blue ocean wave." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 45 --core-reuse 4 \
  -o outputs/surfer-core-reuse.mp4

Use --core-reuse 6 only as an aggressive preview. Values above 6 are not exposed because validation lost subject fidelity.

Width and height must each be multiples of 32, at least 32, and their product must not exceed 768 * 1344 pixels. Those are mechanical limits, not a promise that every tiny canvas has good model quality. H3-Base is a 768p model.

For a fast native 256-square preview:

./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A red fox walks through fresh snow in a pine forest." \
  --width 256 --height 256 \
  --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 50 --reuse 1 \
  -o outputs/fox-256.mp4

At 256 square, H3 has only an 8x8 effective spatial-token grid, so it has less room for fine detail and complex composition. H3 automatically halves spatial RoPE coordinates at exactly 256 square. This removed repeating lattice artifacts in long fox renders and stayed coherent on an independent portrait, without adding tokens or runtime. Use --use-reference-rope to restore the released/MLX coordinates for parity checks. Keep token reduction off at this size. Native 128 square remains unsupported: its 4x4 token grid did not recover a recognizable subject even with adjusted RoPE.

--render-width and --render-height must be set together, must have the same aspect ratio as the output, and cannot exceed the output dimensions. The model and VAE use the internal size; terminal frames and the encoded video retain the requested output size.

H3 emits 24 fps and aligns frame requests upward to 5 + 17*n:

Use --seconds N for a duration-oriented request, or --frames N for direct frame control; the two options are mutually exclusive. Fractional seconds are accepted. Seconds are converted at 24 fps and then rounded upward to the next legal H3 temporal shape, so --seconds 10 produces 243 frames (10.125 seconds).

Short clips are useful for development. The released workflow is intended for roughly 4–15 second videos. A request such as --frames 23 is rounded up to 39 frames rather than producing an arbitrary temporal shape.

A short prompt works, but the released system expects a Context-IR-like description. State the subject, action, setting, camera, lighting/style, and desired sound. For example:

Scene: a single red fox in a snow-covered pine forest at dawn.
Action: the fox walks steadily left to right and looks toward the camera once.
Camera: medium-height lateral tracking shot, 50 mm lens, stable framing.
Look: photorealistic fur, cold blue ambient light, warm sunrise rim light.
Audio: soft footsteps in snow, light wind through pine branches, no music.

Keep identity and object counts explicit when they matter. --seed N controls the native random stream; the default is 42. Compare options with the same prompt, seed, resolution, frame count, and step count.

• --show displays a representative frame after every denoising transition, followed by all frames from the completed video. Like Iris, it advertises 2x display dimensions by default for Retina terminals; --zoom N changes that factor without resizing the generated video or the encoded terminal image.
• --frames-dir DIR writes final callback frames as PPM files. Intermediate --show previews are not written there.
• -o '' disables MP4 encoding; combine it with --frames-dir when FFmpeg is unavailable.
• --profile reports phase wall time, Metal encoding/wait time, peak live tensor storage, cumulative allocation, and dispatch counts.

For example:

./h3 --profile -d ./MiniMax-H3 -p "A hummingbird hovering over red flowers." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 45 --reuse 2 --frames-dir outputs/hummingbird-frames \
  -o ''

First/last-frame anchors select the FL2VA path:

./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 -p "The fox keeps walking through the snow." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 45 --reuse 2 \
  --first-frame fox.png --last-frame fox-later.png \
  -o outputs/fox-anchored.mp4

Ordered references select the distinct Ref2VA checkpoint. Use the flag matching the media semantics:

# One image reference.
./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 -p "Use the animal and setting in the reference." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --ref-image fox.png -o outputs/fox-reference.mp4

# Continue a clip but ignore its soundtrack.
./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 -p "Continue the motion in this clip." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --ref-silent-video fox.mp4 -o outputs/fox-video-reference.mp4

# Preserve the clip's embedded audio.
./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 -p "Continue this audiovisual scene." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 56 --steps 20 \
  --ref-video fox-with-audio.mp4 -o outputs/fox-video-audio.mp4

# Replace a video's soundtrack explicitly.
./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 -p "Continue the scene with the supplied music." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 56 --steps 20 \
  --ref-video-audio silent-fox.mp4 replacement.wav \
  -o outputs/fox-replaced-audio.mp4

# An ordered image plus standalone audio reference.
./h3 -d ./MiniMax-H3 -p "Use the animal and music from the references." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 56 --steps 20 \
  --ref-image fox.png --ref-audio music.wav \
  -o outputs/fox-image-audio.mp4

Reference flags may be repeated and their command-line order is preserved. Standalone audio must accompany an image or video reference. Audio references must be 2–15 seconds; at most three audio inputs are accepted and their total decoded duration is capped at 15 seconds.

make test
make parity

make test runs the deterministic host suite and, when the ignored MLX fixture is installed under misc/fixtures/, compiles the Metal source at runtime and checks a complete toy H3 block against named MLX outputs. Runtime compilation is intentional: it follows Iris and does not require Xcode's optional offline Metal toolchain. The test covers both an F32 diagnosis path and the production BF16 storage path; wide BF16 matrix products and SDPA use cached MPSGraph graphs, with direct Metal correctness fallbacks. make parity runs only those Metal/MLX checks.

FFmpeg and FFprobe must be available on PATH for media inputs and MP4 output (H3_FFMPEG and H3_FFPROBE may select explicit executables). Generated RGB24 and 32 kHz stereo F32 PCM are fed through concurrent pipes; no intermediate uncompressed media file is created.

The remainder documents the implementation behind the tutorial presets and the environment variables retained for exact A/B diagnosis.

The default sampler uses the released shifted video/audio schedule. --steps always names the number of denoising passes, with terminal zero added after the last pass. Whole-denoiser reuse evaluates the first and last pass plus every requested interval, then extrapolates skipped video and audio velocities on their independent schedules. With very small step counts, keep --reuse 1.

For the low-budget path, the released linear base grid won against actual-video-sigma linear spacing, quadratic and cubic warps, exact 30-point tail subsets, mild power warps, zero-order held full-grid velocities, linear velocity extrapolation, and RES. The more tail-heavy candidates often sharpened the subject but damaged motion or left a repetitive woven background; sparse RES and long extrapolation intervals failed much more visibly.

Layer thinning ranks the checkpoint's actual AdaLN gates while protecting structurally important first and final blocks. Unused weights and schedule tensors are not retained, so --layers 45 and --layers 40 reduce both transformer time and unified-memory use. Core reuse holds the previous full transformer residual while refreshing the patch projection and timestep-aware head; it remains mutually exclusive with whole-velocity reuse.

Every active DiT block fuses its attention residual gate with the following MLP AdaLN. The rounded BF16 residual is still written exactly, but the same row is kept in threadgroup memory for normalization, eliminating one dispatch and one global reread. Away from token-reduction boundaries, the MLP residual gate also produces the next block's attention AdaLN and carries that normalized state across the loop. H3_DISABLE_FUSED_GATE_ADALN=1 and H3_DISABLE_FUSED_CROSS_BLOCK_ADALN=1 restore the two-kernel oracles. The final audio/video AdaLN kernels bind directly to offsets in the residual stream, avoiding two slice blits and 18.8 MiB of scratch at 512x512 (29.4 MiB at the 864-class benchmark shape). H3_DISABLE_FUSED_FINAL_SLICE=1 restores the copy-plus-AdaLN oracle at load. The BF16 final heads then apply AdaLN while loading their 16x16 projection tiles, preserving the standalone rounding and accumulation order while removing another equally sized normalized activation. The two optimizations together save 37.5/58.9 MiB. H3_DISABLE_FUSED_FINAL_HEAD=1 restores the offset-AdaLN-plus-linear oracle at load.

--token-reduction is an independent aggressive DiT mode. After block 3 it pairs adjacent horizontal target-video tokens while leaving text, audio, conditions, and reference tokens exact. The complete full-resolution state is kept as a bypass. During the first ten noisy evaluations it restores before block 40; subsequent detail-forming evaluations restore before block 30. Each token returns as its original value plus the update learned by its pair, so within-pair detail is not discarded. The pooling kernel writes only true-pair baselines into a dense tail of the already allocated attention scratch buffer; odd-width singleton tokens need no baseline. The full bypass uses the oversized QKV tail when it fits, with a guarded dedicated fallback only for reference-heavy layouts. Common text-only canvases therefore add no activation arena at any token-grid width. Pooling also snapshots both source tokens while their BF16 values are already in registers, avoiding a separate full-hidden blit and redundant source read. The same entry kernel keeps each pooled row in threadgroup memory and emits the first reduced block's attention AdaLN, eliminating another global residual read. At the restore boundary, the first full-resolution attention AdaLN is fused into expansion: a 10.5 KiB threadgroup row avoids a global residual reread while still writing the exact bypass needed by the following residual branch. On a thermal-balanced 512x512x22, 19-forward IT M5 Max A/B this reduced denoise time from 39.13 to 28.06 seconds (28.3%). Final video/audio latent relative L2 was 5.56%/15.14%. First/middle/last fox frames retained one clean muzzle, coherent legs, and sharp fur; an independent surfer remained consistent with one rider and board through the wave spray. It changes composition and is therefore opt-in rather than the close-reference default. H3_TOKEN_REDUCTION_BLOCKS can override the later 4:30 interval; H3_TOKEN_REDUCTION_EARLY=STEPS:END overrides the early schedule and 0 disables it. H3_DISABLE_TOKEN_REDUCTION=1 provides an in-context exact oracle. H3_DISABLE_FUSED_TOKEN_POOL_ADALN=1 and H3_DISABLE_FUSED_TOKEN_ADALN=1 independently restore the two-kernel entry and exit boundaries for diagnosis. Token reduction composes cleanly with the validated --layers 45 --reuse 2 settings: on the same 512 benchmark it reduced that profile from 16.69 to 12.60 seconds (24.5% marginal), and independent fox and surfer renders stayed coherent. Do not combine it with both --layers 40 and --reuse 3; that 6.47-second experiment produced chromatic ringing and ghosted limbs despite acceptable latent norms.

--render-width and --render-height run the model and VAE on a lower same-aspect internal canvas, then high-quality vImage-scale RGB frames to the requested output size before callbacks, terminal display, and encoding. This is an explicit quality/speed tradeoff: a measured 384-to-512 prompt render reduced M5 DiT time by 33% and video-VAE time by 18% while retaining a clean, recognizable photorealistic result. Both values must be multiples of 32; the exact output canvas remains the default. For square 512 output, 384 is the fast-quality point and 320 is the validated aggressive point. The latter produced a coherent walking fox and repeated at 8.02 seconds of DiT versus about 15.82 seconds natively. Native 256 uses the same-cost spatial-RoPE adaptation described above; it remains a fast composition preview rather than a substitute for a 512- or 768-class final render. The video VAE automatically chooses a 256-320 pixel spatial tile from the requested canvas geometry, minimizing repeated overlap work while keeping peak storage bounded. H3_VAE_TILE_PIXELS=256 restores the original conservative tile plan for close-reference diagnosis.

On M5-class GPUs, persistent transformer weights are mapped directly from their safetensor shards instead of copied into anonymous shared buffers. This keeps the 37 GiB model file-backed/reclaimable and slightly improves total transformer time; M3 uses the faster copied-buffer path. H3_ZERO_COPY_WEIGHTS=0 disables the M5 selection for diagnostics. The streamed Qwen text encoder preallocates a small ring of future layer buffers and fills them on eight I/O workers while Metal executes the current layer. The default ring depth is two layers on M3/older hardware and three on M5, where the target machine has 128 GiB. H3_QWEN_PREFETCH=0 restores the single-layer synchronous reference path; values 1-8 select the worker count, and H3_QWEN_PREFETCH_DEPTH=1 through 6 overrides the ring depth.

--ssd-streaming is a separate, more aggressive residency mode for the DiT. Only its small per-block normalization weights remain resident. Two complete BF16 matrix slots alternate while a background reader fills the next slot in checkpoint-offset order; the current Metal command buffer runs concurrently. Darwin uncached reads avoid retaining a second copy in the filesystem cache. The first active block is prefetched again during the final block, so a cached interactive DiT is ready for its next denoiser evaluation. Measurements reached about 13--14.6 GiB/s from the internal SSD. H3_PROFILE=1 reports total bytes, read throughput, and the part of the read wait that was not hidden by GPU work.

M5 GPUs automatically use native BF16 Metal 4/TensorOps for the DiT QKV and attention-output projections at sequence lengths up to 2,048. The compact Morton schedule routes Q/K/V directly into head-major attention inputs, avoids three MPSGraph input transposes, and is byte-identical to the portable path. It improves a complete 512x512 50-block forward by about 2% across repeated IT/US M5 Max runs. For 2,049-3,072 rows, including 864x480, two row-offset Morton dispatches preserve the efficient tile geometry and improve the complete forward by about 2% in balanced runs. Still larger sequences stay on MPSGraph. H3_NAX=0 disables TensorOps for exact A/B diagnosis. The selection is guarded at runtime and falls back to the unchanged portable library if compilation is unavailable.

H3_NAX=1 forces the broader native BF16 linear path. It passes the complete 50-block MLX fixture, but remains opt-in: exact-shape microbenchmarks favor its 128-row tile while full DiT runs currently favor MPSGraph scheduling. This keeps a working NAX integration available for later quantized/fused kernels without making a benchmark regression the default. H3_NAX=mlp selects a more specialized Metal 4 path: paired FC1 gate/up TensorOps tiles apply SwiGLU in threadgroup memory and write only the 14,336-wide activated intermediate, then FC2 also stays on TensorOps. H3_DISABLE_NAX_MLP=1 keeps the MPSGraph MLP in a context created this way for same-process A/B testing. The path is deliberately opt-in because scheduling depends on the OS GPU stack: the primary macOS 26.5.2 M5 Max gained 1.3-2.0% in isolated real-weight MLP runs but lost about 1-3% in a complete 50-block forward, while an otherwise identical macOS 26.5 M5 Max gained 1.4% in a same-context forward A/B. The resulting 50-block velocities were close (1.9% video and 2.4% audio relative L2), but not byte-identical.

The narrow DiT audio/video output heads convert their small released F32 weights to BF16 once and use the Iris-derived 16x16 tiled linear directly on BF16 activations. At the production 320-render geometry, isolated paired-head measurements are 2.30x faster on M3 Max and 1.83x faster on M5 Max, with relative L2 8.64e-4; the absolute M5 saving is about 0.6 ms per evaluated step. Full fox and surfer sequences remained clean and measured 29.9/38.4 dB against the F32-head renders. H3_DIT_F32_FINAL=1 restores the close-reference head and its extra activation buffers. The F32 96->5376 video and 32->5376 audio patch projections use a dedicated 16x16 cooperative tile, retaining F32 weights, inputs and accumulation while rounding the tile result directly to BF16. Paired production-shape measurements are 1.77x faster on M3 and 1.62-1.78x on M5; the complete generated RGB stream is byte-identical to the scalar path. Fusing the final cast improves the 2835-row tile itself from 2.499 to 1.734 ms on M3 and 1.555 to 1.186 ms on M5, and removes 38.27/59.66 MiB of F32 scratch at 512/864-class geometry. H3_DISABLE_FUSED_PATCH_CAST=1 restores the tiled F32 output plus standalone cast; H3_SCALAR_PATCH=1 selects the scalar diagnostic path. The same tile binds its output directly into the packed hidden stream, removing the BF16 media staging buffers and their blits. This saves another 19.13/29.83 MiB and improves the 2835-row boundary from 1.847 to 1.730 ms on M3 and 1.282 to 1.184 ms on M5. Contiguous T2VA uses byte offsets; FL2VA/Ref2VA use compact destination-row maps so each modality remains one large dispatch. A complete six-segment Ref2VA M5 ABBA remained byte-identical and improved 5.067 to 5.033 seconds per measured forward pair. H3_DISABLE_FUSED_PATCH_PACK=1 restores the staging buffers and packing blits.

The DiT core is split into two ordered Metal command buffers so GPU execution of the first part overlaps CPU encoding of the second. Thermal-balanced ABBA measurements select a 60%-depth split on M5 (30/50, 27/45, and 24/40), with roughly 0.5-1.8% wins; M3 automatically splits only the validated 30/50 case, which measured 1.2% faster, because 24/40 regressed there. The operation order and generated bytes are unchanged. H3_DIT_COMMAND_BLOCKS=0 restores one command buffer; values 1-50 override the split for further tuning. DiT activation buffers also follow their actual intra-block lifetimes: the QKV projection arena is reused first for attention heads and then for the normalized MLP input, while the current attention-output arena becomes the MLP output after its branch has been consumed. This removes 61.25 MiB at 512-class geometry and 99.63 MiB at 864-class geometry without changing dispatches or arithmetic. H3_DISABLE_DIT_ACTIVATION_ALIAS=1 restores separate diagnostic buffers. MPSGraph tensor-data wrappers for immutable DiT weights and biases are retained with their resident buffers. This avoids rebuilding the same binding metadata for every block and denoiser evaluation without copying tensor storage; measured ABBA gains were 1.6% on M3 Max and 0.4-1.1% on M5 Max. Activation wrappers stay transient because retaining them regressed the M5. The outputs remain byte-identical, and H3_DISABLE_GRAPH_DATA_CACHE=1 restores transient wrappers for all tensors. On M3/older hardware, the four MPSGraph segments in each DiT block also reuse one MPSCommandBuffer wrapper for their shared underlying Metal command buffer. Repeated thermal-balanced runs measured 1.0-1.6% faster on M3 Max; M5 measured neutral, so it retains fresh wrappers. H3_REUSE_MPS_COMMAND=0 or 1 overrides the automatic selection. Results are byte-identical. On M5, the serving Euler sampler keeps its patch-packed F32 latents and cached BF16 velocities in Metal buffers. Each selected denoiser refresh is completed before the next is encoded, avoiding MPSGraph back-pressure while removing all intermediate latent/velocity readbacks and repacking. Two warm eight-run A/B sequences measured small 0.1% and 0.3% gains with byte-identical final latents; the path also saves roughly 16 bytes of transient host state per video-latent element (about 136 MB at the 768p shape). M3 and older GPUs retain the CPU sampler by default. H3_CPU_SAMPLER=1 restores it on M5; H3_GPU_SAMPLER=1 selects the GPU-state path explicitly, and H3_GPU_SAMPLER_WINDOW=0 enables the slower unbounded encode-ahead diagnostic.

The released checkpoint stores DiT QKV rows interleaved per attention head. Native Metal consumes that layout directly in the fused QK-normalization/RoPE kernel, avoiding a checkpoint transpose and extra RAM. The earlier identity interpretation was the cause of the noisy diagnostic outputs.

The public generation path decodes the joint audio latent with a streamed native BigVGAN/AudioVAE and writes synchronized H.264 plus 32 kHz stereo AAC. The native waveform agrees with the corrected MLX oracle to relative L2 6.94e-5. --first-frame, --last-frame, and their combination use the released visual VAE encoder, Qwen3-VL vision tower and three-deepstack multimodal presentation, 0.999 condition augmentation, and fixed condition rows in the native DiT. The first image is stretched to the target canvas; the last image is aspect-cover scaled and center cropped, matching the reference implementation. --ref-image selects the distinct Ref2VA transformer, preserves ordered <Picture N> presentation, and uses the released down-only aspect-preserving reference canvas. --ref-silent-video additionally performs bounded 24 fps decoding, the visual VAE's causal ceil(T/4) compression, two-frame Qwen sampling, and timestamped <Video N> presentation. --ref-video preserves an embedded soundtrack, --ref-video-audio VIDEO AUDIO supplies an explicit replacement, and --ref-audio appends an ordered standalone clip. Reference audio is decoded as 32 kHz stereo F32, encoded by the native AudioVAE posterior-mean path, mixed as 0.999 clean latent plus 0.001 seeded noise, pinned to the audio condition timestep 1.0, and packed as width-32 rows on the same rotary timeline as visual references. Audio inputs are 2-15 seconds, at most three are accepted, their total decoded duration is capped at 15 seconds, and a standalone audio reference must be combined with an image or video reference.

The native audio encoder matches the corrected MLX oracle at relative L2 3.59e-6 on a real two-second stereo fixture. The correction is important: the original MLX reshape interleaved left/right samples, whereas the official PyTorch/SGLang path folds intact stereo channels into the batch dimension. On the 128 GB M5 Max, clean end-to-end image+audio and embedded-video+audio renders completed in 74.58 and 76.99 seconds respectively, each with about a 40.1 GB peak physical footprint and zero swaps.

--profile reports each Metal-backed phase separately: wall time, CPU-side command encoding, complete commit-to-fence wait, root-command GPU timestamps, peak live tensor storage, cumulative allocation, and dispatch counts. The wait measurement is the complete command turnaround; the root GPU timestamp alone can omit child buffers scheduled internally by MPSGraph and is labeled accordingly.

The DiT fast path evaluates each BF16 fc1 -> SwiGLU -> fc2 block as one cached graph, avoiding separate graph boundaries and persistent intermediate tensors. Set H3_DISABLE_FUSED_MLP=1 to retain the close-reference operation boundaries for numerical diagnosis.

On supported M5 Metal 4 TensorOps hardware, the native int8 MLP engine is the default. It dynamically quantizes activations, uses per-output-channel weight scales, and gives the sensitive FC2 input one scale per 1,024 channels. The selected FC2 kernel keeps scaled partial products in private cooperative fragments instead of repeatedly spilling a 32 KiB threadgroup tile. A fixed 50-layer, 19-transition 512x512 render measured 36.30 seconds with BF16 MPS and 25.80 seconds with int8 on M5 Max. Beginning, middle, and final decoded frames retained the same subject, composition, and motion; small edge and fur details can differ. The current diagnostic implementation retains both BF16 and int8 MLP weights only when an A/B diagnostic requests them. Normal int8 loading releases each block's BF16 FC1/FC2 buffers after their submitted quantization finishes, reducing measured peak tensor storage to 25.9 GiB from the BF16 path's 36.4 GiB. Runtime weight quantization still adds startup time.

The fastest M5 path also quantizes each DiT QKV projection and writes its Q/K/V tiles directly in head-major attention layout before the existing Q/K normalization and RoPE kernel. In a fixed 50-layer, 19-transition 512x512 render this reduced denoising again, from 25.80 to 19.32 seconds. Sampled beginning, middle, and final frames remained a coherent detailed fox walking through snow; quantized attention can change framing and fine detail. Use --use-slower-bf16-qkv for the close-reference BF16 projection. Normal int8 loading releases the redundant BF16 QKV weights after quantization.

The following attention-output projection is int8 as well on the default M5 path. Crossed same-model tests improve a complete forward by another 4.5-5.5% at 512 and 864. A decoded fox render remained clean and closely matched the int8-QKV-only composition; its thermally hot denoise measured 19.18 seconds. Use --use-slower-bf16-attention-output to retain that projection in BF16.

On that int8 path, SDPA now leaves its result in native [head,row,dimension] order. A specialized 256-thread kernel gathers and quantizes each H3 row directly into the projection's row-major int8 buffer, eliminating the intervening full-width BF16 transpose without changing any output byte. Thermally controlled crossed runs improve complete 512 and 864 forwards by roughly 0.2-1.2%. Use --use-slower-row-major-attention-output to restore the explicit BF16 row-major SDPA output and ordinary quantizer.

The M5 path also folds QKV and MLP activation quantization into the preceding gated AdaLN kernel. This removes 99 standalone quantizer dispatches per 50-layer forward while preserving the previous output bytes, improving crossed 512/864 measurements by about 0.3-0.6%. Use --use-slower-unfused-int8-inputs to restore the standalone quantizers.

The fused gated-AdaLN path loads its full 5,376-wide H3 rows as BF16x4 vectors and writes int8x4. It stages the rounded values locally before computing the original per-thread RMS sequence, so the reduction tree and every output byte remain unchanged. Crossed measurements save roughly another 0.1-0.5%. The existing --use-slower-unfused-int8-inputs option retains the portable scalar and standalone-quantizer fallback.

Q/K RMS normalization and RoPE are performed inside the int8 QKV projection tile as well. The fused epilogue is byte-identical and improves complete forwards by 2.1-3.2% at 512 and 1.0-1.8% at 864 in crossed M5 measurements. Use --use-slower-unfused-qkv-rope to restore the separate Q/K kernel.

That epilogue processes four adjacent Q/K dimensions per work item with BF16x4 loads and stores. The per-element arithmetic and BF16 rounding order are unchanged, while crossed cool-state measurements improve complete forwards by about 0.4-1.0% at both 512 and 864. The same --use-slower-unfused-qkv-rope option restores the scalar standalone path.

At up to 2,048 rows, the exact RMS loop uses BF16x4 loads followed by four explicit ordered FMAs. This preserves every output bit and improves 512-class forwards by another 0.5-0.6%; larger shapes retain scalar loads because the two forms tie there. Use --use-slower-scalar-qkv-rms to force scalar loads.

The int8 attention-output projection caches its 128 row and column scales in 1 KiB of threadgroup memory instead of rereading them for every cooperative fragment element. Above 2,048 rows the fused QKV kernel uses the same idea and then recycles that storage for inverse RMS values; smaller QKV shapes retain direct loads because the two forms tie there. Both are byte-identical and improve complete forwards by about 0.2-0.7% where selected. Use --use-slower-uncached-int8-scales to restore direct device-scale loads.

For sequences of at most 2,048 rows, the H3 attention-output projection also compiles its 7,168-by-5,376 shape into the TensorOps kernel. The result remains byte-identical while saving about 0.2-0.8% in crossed complete 512-forward measurements. Larger sequences retain the dynamic-shape kernel because the specialization regresses there. --use-slower-uncached-int8-scales restores the general dynamic, direct-scale-load implementation.

FC1 also uses an H3-specialized, compile-time 5,376-wide TensorOps loop. It is byte-identical to the generic loop and saves about 0.1-0.4% in crossed complete forwards. Use --use-slower-dynamic-fc1-k to restore the runtime-bound loop.

./h3 --profile -d ./MiniMax-H3 \
  -p "A red fox walks through fresh snow." \
  --width 512 --height 512 --frames 22 --steps 20 \
  --layers 50 --reuse 1 -o outputs/fox-int8.mp4

Use --use-slower-bf16-mlp to force the portable close-reference MPS/BF16 MLP path for numerical comparison. Older Metal hardware selects that path automatically when the required native TensorOps kernels are unavailable. For FC2 activation quantization, sequences of at most 2,048 rows use an exact 128-thread reduction. Each thread retains its eight BF16 input values while computing the group maximum, avoiding a second device-memory read when it emits the int8 values; crossed M5 measurements improved complete 512 forwards by about 0.2-0.8% without changing any output byte. Larger sequences retain the measured 256-thread kernel. --use-slower-grouped-quantizer forces the latter at every size for A/B comparison.

The native baseline targets the original FL2VA/ and Ref2VA/ checkpoint trees. Model phases are loaded and released separately so the 33B transformer, Qwen encoder, and decoders never have to coexist in unified memory.