Noniv/web-ocean

A real-time ocean renderer written from scratch on WebGPU, with no engine or rendering library. It draws a sunset sea with simulated waves, whitecaps, sun glitter, and a physically based sky with clouds. You fly around it with a free camera.

75 degrees off the sun, 2.4 m up	Looking toward the sun from 30 m up

You need a recent Chrome with WebGPU and a reasonably capable GPU. On a laptop, force Chrome onto the dedicated GPU in the Windows graphics settings, or it will fall back to the integrated one.

Open ocean.html directly in the browser. ocean.min.html is the same page minified (61 KB instead of 102 KB). Both are self-contained and work from file://.

To run from source:

npm install
npm start        # serves http://localhost:8080/

After editing anything under js/, run npm run build to regenerate both bundles. The minified build strips WGSL comments and whitespace and minifies the JavaScript with esbuild.

The camera keeps itself above the displaced water surface, so waves never pass through it.

URL parameters are handy for testing. ?w=2560&h=1440 forces the render resolution, cam=x,y,z,yawDeg,pitchDeg sets the camera, fov=deg sets the field of view, ui=0 hides the HUD, and any settings key works too, for example windSpeed=12&swellHs=2&sunElev=8.

The sea is a Tessendorf FFT simulation with six cascades of 256 by 256 samples. The patches range from 1103 m down to 0.26 m, so wavelengths run from about a kilometre to a few millimetres. The smallest cascade produces the sharp sun sparkles near the camera.

The spectrum is a fetch-limited JONSWAP wind sea with Donelan-Banner directional spreading, plus a narrow long-crested swell. Dispersion includes the capillary term, and choppy horizontal displacement sharpens the crests. The inverse FFTs are radix-2 compute shaders working in workgroup memory.

The surface mesh is a CDLOD quadtree with 17 levels. Vertices are 6.25 cm apart near the camera and the mesh reaches 160 km, with continuous vertex morphing between levels.

• Mip-mapped first and second moments of the wave slopes (LEAN mapping) give the right anisotropic roughness at every distance. The sun glitter widens with distance and the far sea settles into a sheen without aliasing. Screen-space slope derivatives add specular anti-aliasing.
• Sun glitter uses an anisotropic Gaussian slope distribution with Smith masking and the size of the solar disc.
• The sky reflection comes from an environment cube map rebuilt every frame, with roughness-filtered mips. At grazing angles the reflection direction is tilted to account for which wave facets the viewer can actually see.
• The water body is turbid blue-green, lit by the whole sky hemisphere. Backlit crests get a subsurface glow, and wind-gust patches modulate the short ripples.
• Whitecaps start where the total surface Jacobian folds. Foam is stored in two camera-centred world-space maps (128 m and 1 km wide), decays over time, drifts downwind, and breaks into streaks as it ages. A procedural bubble texture gives it its structure.

The atmosphere follows Hillaire's approach, with transmittance, multiple-scattering, and sky-view lookup tables plus aerosol haze. There are two cloud layers, a broken low cumulus and a fibrous altostratus deck. Each is shaded with self-shadowing toward the sun, lit rims, silver linings when backlit, and direction-dependent multiple scattering.

Cloud noise octaves are filtered by pixel footprint, and silhouettes are anti-aliased analytically: the screen-space derivative of each layer's edge function sets the width of its opacity edge. Cloud transmittance along the sun direction dims the sunlight that reaches the water, and aerial perspective is applied over the sea.

The scene renders in HDR with 4x MSAA. Post-processing adds an 8-level bloom, AgX tone mapping, a slight white balance shift, and dithering.

At 2560 by 1440 on an RTX 5070 Ti, the GPU takes about 6 to 8 ms per frame, measured while other programs were also using the GPU. The HUD shows FPS and GPU time when the browser supports timestamp-query.

The per-frame code reuses preallocated typed arrays and descriptors, so the garbage collector has almost nothing to do. The only recurring allocations are the objects WebGPU itself requires, such as the swap-chain view and command buffers.

• Far water is still somewhat darker than the bright horizon sky above it.
• The water is tuned toward turbid coastal water. The "Water turbidity" slider gives darker, bluer deep water when turned down.
• The scene is open ocean only. There is no shoreline, surf, or objects in the water.
• Clouds are two flat layers, not volumetric.

I built this with Claude Code (Opus 5.5). I asked for the most realistic water it could produce, in WebGPU, with a floating camera, and left the architecture and implementation to it. It checked its own work by rendering screenshots in headless Chrome and having separate critic subagents review them, so it was not grading its own output. I gave feedback along the way, mainly on the clouds, which led to replacing the volumetric clouds with the flat layers and later fixing their edge aliasing.

MIT. See LICENSE.